Related Experiment Video
Updated: Sep 11, 2025

Ultrasound-guided Botulinum Toxin-A Injections: A Method of Treating Sialorrhea
Published on: November 9, 2016
Multiple Sclerosis: Enhancing Botulinum Toxin Effects in Spasticity Management, a Systematic Review
Daniela Poenaru1, Miruna Ioana Sandulescu1, Catalin Furculescu2
1Rehabilitation Department, Carol Davila University of Medicine, 050474 Bucharest, Romania.
Abstract:
Background/Objectives: The objective of this review is to document the modalities to enhance the neuromuscular effects of botulinum toxin (BoNT) injection in spastic patients with multiple sclerosis (MS). Methods: We conducted a literature review focusing on studies involving BoNT administration for MS-related spasticity and the use of adjunctive therapies aimed at reducing dosage and increasing injection intervals. Results: The findings revealed a limited number of studies specific to MS patients, addressing only a few adjunct techniques, including electrical stimulation, vibration therapy, physical exercise, and extracorporeal shock wave therapy. Conclusions: These preliminary findings highlight the need for further research into integrative therapeutic strategies tailored specifically to the MS population.
More Related Videos
07:20Author Spotlight: Repetitive Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation Combined with Movement Observation in Cerebral Palsy
Published on: August 9, 2024
08:40Isokinetic Robotic Device to Improve Test-Retest and Inter-Rater Reliability for Stretch Reflex Measurements in Stroke Patients with Spasticity
Published on: June 12, 2019
Related Concept Videos
Directly Acting Muscle Relaxants: Dantrolene and Botulinum Toxin
The binding of dantrolene to the RYR1...
Skeletal Muscle Relaxants: Therapeutic Uses
Classification of Skeletal Muscle Relaxants
Peripherally acting skeletal muscle relaxants interfere with the neurotransmission at the neuromuscular end plate to induce paralysis during...
Skeletal Muscle Relaxants: Adverse Effects
Unlike...
Spasmolytic Agents: Chemical Classification
A major class of centrally acting spasmolytics is the α2-agonist, such as tizanidine. These drugs bind to α2-adrenoceptors, inhibiting the release of the excitatory neurotransmitter glutamate. They also...
Myasthenia Gravis: Overview and Treatment
These antibodies interfere with the function of the nicotinic receptors in three ways: by binding to the receptor and disrupting acetylcholine binding; by causing cross-linking of receptors which...