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Obstructive Sleep Apnea and Type 2 Diabetes: An Update.

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Obstructive sleep apnea (OSA) is a common sleep disorder linked to type 2 diabetes. New drug therapies, including SGLT2 inhibitors and GLP-1 receptor agonists, show promise for treating OSA and related conditions.

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Area of Science:

  • Endocrinology
  • Pulmonology
  • Cardiology

Background:

  • Obstructive sleep apnea (OSA) is a prevalent sleep disorder frequently co-occurring with obesity, type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM), hypertension, and dyslipidemia.
  • A significant bidirectional relationship exists between T2DM and OSA, where each condition exacerbates the risk of the other.
  • Underlying mechanisms involve mechanical and hormonal factors, inflammation, and autonomic nervous system dysregulation.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To provide an updated review of obstructive sleep apnea (OSA).
  • To discuss the relationship between OSA and type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM).
  • To explore current and emerging therapeutic strategies for OSA.

Main Methods:

  • This narrative review synthesizes existing literature on OSA.
  • It examines the pathophysiological links between OSA and T2DM.
  • It discusses established and novel pharmacological treatments.

Main Results:

  • Traditional OSA treatments include lifestyle changes, bariatric surgery, and continuous positive airway pressure (CPAP).
  • Emerging pharmacological strategies involve sodium-glucose co-transporter 2 inhibitors (SGLT2-is) and glucagon-like peptide-1 receptor agonists (GLP1-ras).
  • These newer agents show potential efficacy in managing OSA, particularly in patients with T2DM.

Conclusions:

  • OSA is a serious condition with significant metabolic and cardiovascular implications.
  • Effective management of OSA is crucial, especially in individuals with T2DM.
  • Pharmacological agents like SGLT2-is and GLP1-ras represent promising advancements in OSA therapy.