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Related Concept Videos

Fractures: Bone Repair01:27

Fractures: Bone Repair

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Treatment for a fracture is based on the type of break, the bone affected, and the patient's age.
Minor fractures with no bone displacement are treated by immobilizing the fractured bone using a cast or splint. However, in the case of fractures with displaced bones, the broken bones are repositioned before immobilization to ensure successful healing without deformation and loss of function. The realignment of fractured bone ends is performed through a process called reduction. If the...
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Flail Chest-II01:26

Flail Chest-II

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Managing flail chest, a condition characterized by a segment of the chest wall moving independently from the rest of the thoracic cage, requires a comprehensive approach. It includes a thorough assessment of the patient's condition, a diagnostic evaluation to determine the extent of the injury, and the implementation of appropriate medical interventions tailored to the individual's needs.
Assessment:
1. Clinical Evaluation:
History:
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The Thoracic Cage: Ribs01:20

The Thoracic Cage: Ribs

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Ribs are curved, flattened bones forming the thoracic cavity wall with the thoracic muscles. There are 12 pairs of thoracic ribs. The posterior ends of all the ribs articulate with the T1–T12 thoracic vertebrae. In contrast,the anterior ends of most ribs attach to the sternum via their costal cartilages.
Parts of a Typical Rib
A typical rib has a head, neck, and body. The posterior end of the rib is called the head, followed by a narrow neck. The head articulates primarily with the costal...
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Pneumothorax-II01:27

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Pneumothorax is a medical condition defined by the buildup of air in the pleural space between the lungs and the chest wall. This accumulation of air can lead to partial or complete lung collapse, resulting in a range of clinical manifestations. Understanding the clinical presentation and effective management strategies is crucial for healthcare professionals in providing timely and appropriate care to individuals with pneumothorax.
Clinical Manifestations:
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Phases of Wound Repair01:28

Phases of Wound Repair

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Following injury, the integrity of the injured tissues must be reestablished. For example, in skin tissue, wound repair involves coordination among resident skin cells, blood mononuclear cells, extracellular matrix, growth factors, and cytokines to complete the healing cascade.
Formation of Blood Clot
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Growth of Cartilage and Bone Tissue01:27

Growth of Cartilage and Bone Tissue

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Chondrocytes form a temporary cartilaginous model by dividing and secreting a thick gel-like extracellular matrix. Once the chondrocytes undergo programmed cell death, osteoblasts enter the site of the cartilaginous model. The process of replacing the temporary cartilaginous model with bone in an ordered manner is called endochondral ossification. In endochondral ossification, not all of the cartilage is replaced by bone tissue. Some cartilage that performs a protective and supportive function...
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Sep 11, 2025

A Surgical Procedure for Resecting the Mouse Rib: A Model for Large-Scale Long Bone Repair
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A Surgical Procedure for Resecting the Mouse Rib: A Model for Large-Scale Long Bone Repair

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Rib Healing and Heterotopic Ossification After Surgical Stabilization of Rib Fractures.

Alexander Hoey1, Daniel Akyeampong1, Arjun Patel1

  • 1Department of Surgery, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC 29425, USA.

Journal of Clinical Medicine
|August 14, 2025
PubMed
Summary

Surgical Stabilization of Rib Fractures (SSRFs) leads to high healing rates, with non-unions uncommon. Hypertrophic ossification (HO) is frequently observed after SSRFs, particularly in the lower posterior rib cage.

Keywords:
anatomyhypertrophic ossificationnon-union rib fracturerib fracturesurgical stabilization of rib fractures

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Last Updated: Sep 11, 2025

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Creating Rigidly Stabilized Fractures for Assessing Intramembranous Ossification, Distraction Osteogenesis, or Healing of Critical Sized Defects

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Area of Science:

  • Trauma Surgery
  • Orthopedic Surgery
  • Thoracic Surgery

Background:

  • Rib fracture healing rates after Surgical Stabilization of Rib Fractures (SSRFs) are not well-documented.
  • Understanding radiographic evidence of healing and hypertrophic ossification (HO) post-SSRFs is crucial for patient outcomes.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To evaluate radiographic evidence of rib fracture healing and hypertrophic ossification (HO) in patients following SSRFs.
  • To identify factors associated with non-union and HO after SSRFs.

Main Methods:

  • Retrospective cohort study of patients undergoing SSRFs between January 2010 and March 2023.
  • Analysis of initial trauma and follow-up chest CT scans (≥6 months post-SSRFs) for fracture healing and HO.
  • Mapping of fracture locations and evaluation of fixation methods and operative timing.

Main Results:

  • 95% of surgically stabilized rib fractures demonstrated complete healing.
  • Non-union fractures were predominantly located in the posterior or paraspinal regions of ribs 8-10.
  • Hypertrophic ossification (HO) was observed in 9 patients, as early as 8 months post-operatively, with significant associations noted for fixation method and operative day.

Conclusions:

  • Non-union of rib fractures is infrequent after SSRFs.
  • Posterior and paraspinal lower rib cage fractures are common sites for non-union.
  • Hypertrophic ossification (HO) is a common finding following SSRFs.