Jove
Visualize
Contact Us
JoVE
x logofacebook logolinkedin logoyoutube logo
ABOUT JoVE
OverviewLeadershipBlogJoVE Help Center
AUTHORS
Publishing ProcessEditorial BoardScope & PoliciesPeer ReviewFAQSubmit
LIBRARIANS
TestimonialsSubscriptionsAccessResourcesLibrary Advisory BoardFAQ
RESEARCH
JoVE JournalMethods CollectionsJoVE Encyclopedia of ExperimentsArchive
EDUCATION
JoVE CoreJoVE BusinessJoVE Science EducationJoVE Lab ManualFaculty Resource CenterFaculty Site
Terms & Conditions of Use
Privacy Policy
Policies

Related Concept Videos

Differential Relays01:20

Differential Relays

261
Differential relays are used to protect generators, buses, and transformers by comparing electrical quantities at different points. When a fault occurs, the difference in current between the two points triggers the relay to operate, opening the circuit breaker. Under normal conditions, the current entering (i1) and leaving (i2) a generator are equal. When a fault occurs, however, these currents become unequal, and the difference current flows in the relay operating coil, causing the relay to...
261
Three-Phase Short Circuit—Unloaded Synchronous Machine01:21

Three-Phase Short Circuit—Unloaded Synchronous Machine

235
Conducting a three-phase short circuit test on an unloaded synchronous machine helps understand its impact on the system. The AC fault current's oscillogram, with the DC offset removed, reveals that the waveform amplitude decreases from an initially high value to a steady-state level for one phase of the machine.
This behavior occurs due to the magnetic flux produced by the short-circuit armature currents. Initially, these currents follow high-reluctance paths but eventually shift to...
235
Power System Three-Phase Short Circuits01:21

Power System Three-Phase Short Circuits

149
Determining the subtransient fault current in a power system involves representing transformers by their leakage reactances, transmission lines by their equivalent series reactances, and synchronous machines as constant voltage sources behind their subtransient reactances. In this analysis, certain elements are excluded, such as winding resistances, series resistances, shunt admittances, delta-Y phase shifts, armature resistance, saturation, saliency, non-rotating impedance loads, and small...
149
Instrument Transformers01:23

Instrument Transformers

141
Instrument transformers, comprising voltage transformers (VTs) and current transformers (CTs), play crucial roles in power substations by providing isolated replicas of current or voltage for measurement and protection purposes. Voltage transformers reduce the primary voltage to levels suitable for relay operation and measurement, while current transformers scale down the primary current. The primary winding of a current transformer often consists of a single turn, achieved by threading the...
141
Circuit Breaker and Fuse Selection01:23

Circuit Breaker and Fuse Selection

146
A circuit breaker is a device engineered to interrupt fault currents and sometimes reclose automatically. When a fault current is detected, the breaker separates the electrical contacts, which generates an arc. This arc is extinguished by methods such as elongation, cooling, or splitting, depending on the breaker's design. Breakers are categorized based on the voltage they operate at and the medium used for arc extinction, such as air, oil, SF6 gas, or vacuum.
In high-voltage systems,...
146
Gas Chromatography: Types of Detectors-II01:19

Gas Chromatography: Types of Detectors-II

499
In gas chromatography, different detectors are employed to meet specific analytical needs. These detectors are often categorized based on their detection mechanisms and the types of compounds they are best suited to analyze. Thermal Conductivity Detectors (TCD), Flame Ionization Detectors (FID), and Electron Capture Detectors (ECD) represent common categories, each with unique operating principles and applications. However, beyond these, several other detectors are designed for more specialized...
499

You might also read

Related Articles

Articles linked to this work by shared authors, journal, and citation graph.

Sort by
Same author

A Two-Step Sensor Fusion Methodology to Assess Damage on Drone Propellers by Audio and Radar Measurements.

Sensors (Basel, Switzerland)·2026
Same author

Experimental Validation of Simple Power Quality Indices for Frequency Content Assessment up to 150 kHz.

Sensors (Basel, Switzerland)·2025
Same author

RGB-D Cameras and Brain-Computer Interfaces for Human Activity Recognition: An Overview.

Sensors (Basel, Switzerland)·2025
Same author

Medium-Voltage AC Cable Joints: A Review of Testing Methods, Standards, and Emerging Trends.

Sensors (Basel, Switzerland)·2025
Same author

Comprehensive Forecasting of Electrical Quantities in an Educational Building via Artificial Intelligence-Driven Distributed Measurement System.

Sensors (Basel, Switzerland)·2025
Same author

Electrical Diagnosis Techniques for Power Transformers: A Comprehensive Review of Methods, Instrumentation, and Research Challenges.

Sensors (Basel, Switzerland)·2025

Related Experiment Video

Updated: Sep 11, 2025

Author Spotlight: Simulation and Analysis of the Temperature Rise of Ring Main Unit Equipment
04:35

Author Spotlight: Simulation and Analysis of the Temperature Rise of Ring Main Unit Equipment

Published on: July 5, 2024

2.0K

Fault Detection in MV Switchgears Through Unsupervised Learning of Temperature Conditions.

Grazia Iadarola1, Alessandro Mingotti2, Virginia Negri2

  • 1Department of Information Engineering, Polytechnic University of Marche, 60131 Ancona, Italy.

Sensors (Basel, Switzerland)
|August 14, 2025
PubMed
Summary

This study introduces a smart system using temperature sensors and AI to monitor electrical switchgear health. It enables early fault detection for predictive maintenance, enhancing safety and equipment lifespan.

Keywords:
clustering algorithmsdistributed measurement systemfault detectionmedium voltage switchgearstemperature monitoringunsupervised learning

More Related Videos

Design and Application of a Fault Detection Method Based on Adaptive Filters and Rotational Speed Estimation for an Electro-Hydrostatic Actuator
06:45

Design and Application of a Fault Detection Method Based on Adaptive Filters and Rotational Speed Estimation for an Electro-Hydrostatic Actuator

Published on: October 28, 2022

1.8K
Design, Instrumentation and Usage Protocols for Distributed In Situ Thermal Hot Spots Monitoring in Electric Coils using FBG Sensor Multiplexing
10:52

Design, Instrumentation and Usage Protocols for Distributed In Situ Thermal Hot Spots Monitoring in Electric Coils using FBG Sensor Multiplexing

Published on: March 8, 2020

5.9K

Related Experiment Videos

Last Updated: Sep 11, 2025

Author Spotlight: Simulation and Analysis of the Temperature Rise of Ring Main Unit Equipment
04:35

Author Spotlight: Simulation and Analysis of the Temperature Rise of Ring Main Unit Equipment

Published on: July 5, 2024

2.0K
Design and Application of a Fault Detection Method Based on Adaptive Filters and Rotational Speed Estimation for an Electro-Hydrostatic Actuator
06:45

Design and Application of a Fault Detection Method Based on Adaptive Filters and Rotational Speed Estimation for an Electro-Hydrostatic Actuator

Published on: October 28, 2022

1.8K
Design, Instrumentation and Usage Protocols for Distributed In Situ Thermal Hot Spots Monitoring in Electric Coils using FBG Sensor Multiplexing
10:52

Design, Instrumentation and Usage Protocols for Distributed In Situ Thermal Hot Spots Monitoring in Electric Coils using FBG Sensor Multiplexing

Published on: March 8, 2020

5.9K

Area of Science:

  • Electrical Engineering
  • Artificial Intelligence
  • Sensor Technology

Background:

  • Switchgear health monitoring is crucial for grid reliability.
  • Traditional methods often lack real-time capabilities and are costly.
  • Varying temperature conditions can significantly impact switchgear performance and indicate potential faults.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To develop a distributed measurement system for real-time switchgear health monitoring.
  • To implement unsupervised learning techniques on low-cost hardware for fault detection.
  • To enhance predictive maintenance strategies and extend switchgear lifespan.

Main Methods:

  • Deployment of thermocouples for continuous temperature sensing in medium-voltage (MV) switchgear.
  • Integration of a low-cost microcontroller unit for onboard data processing.
  • Application of pre-trained unsupervised learning algorithms for anomaly detection in temperature patterns.

Main Results:

  • Demonstrated strong clustering performance for identifying anomalous temperature patterns.
  • Achieved low execution times, suitable for resource-constrained hardware.
  • Validated the system using both synthetic and real-world measurement data.

Conclusions:

  • The proposed system offers a scalable and cost-effective solution for MV switchgear health monitoring.
  • Onboard processing reduces latency and communication overhead, improving system responsiveness.
  • Early fault detection through temperature analysis supports predictive maintenance and enhances operational safety.