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Related Concept Videos

Lytic Cycle of Bacteriophages01:30

Lytic Cycle of Bacteriophages

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Bacteriophages, also known as phages, are specialized viruses that infect bacteria. A key characteristic of phages is their distinctive “head-tail” morphology. A phage begins the infection process (i.e., lytic cycle) by attaching to the outside of a bacterial cell. Attachment is accomplished via proteins in the phage tail that bind to specific receptor proteins on the outer surface of the bacterium. The tail injects the phage’s DNA genome into the bacterial cytoplasm. In the...
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DNA Bacteriophages01:26

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Bacteriophages, or phages, are viruses that specifically infect bacteria, utilizing their genetic material to hijack host cellular machinery for replication. DNA bacteriophages employ single-stranded DNA (ssDNA) or double-stranded DNA (dsDNA) genomes. These phages exhibit diverse replication strategies and host interactions, influencing their ecological roles and applications in biotechnology and medicine.ssDNA BacteriophagesssDNA phages, with their small genomes, utilize unique strategies to...
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Lysogenic Cycle of Bacteriophages00:43

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In contrast to the lytic cycle, phages infecting bacteria via the lysogenic cycle do not immediately kill their host cell. Instead, they combine their genome with the host genome, allowing the bacteria to replicate the phage DNA along with the bacterial genome. The incorporated copy of the phage genome is called the prophage. Some prophages can re-activate and enter the lytic cycle. This often occurs in response to a perturbation, such as DNA damage, but can also transpire in the absence of...
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Viral Replication: Lytic Cycle01:20

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Bacteriophages, or phages, are viruses that specifically infect bacteria. Among them, T-even bacteriophages, such as T4, exhibit a well-characterized lytic replication cycle in Escherichia coli (E. coli). This process ensures the rapid proliferation of the virus while ultimately leading to the destruction of the bacterial host.Attachment and DNA InjectionThe infection process begins with the recognition and binding of the T4 phage to the E. coli cell surface. Tail fibers of the phage...
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Viral Replication: Lysogenic Cycle01:16

Viral Replication: Lysogenic Cycle

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The lysogenic cycle is a crucial viral replication strategy that allows bacteriophages to persist within host cells without immediately destroying them. This process is primarily observed in temperate phages, such as bacteriophage lambda (λ), which infects Escherichia coli. The cycle allows the viral genome to persist across bacterial generations while keeping host cells viable.Integration of the Viral GenomeUpon infection, bacteriophage lambda attaches to the bacterial surface and injects...
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Sep 11, 2025

Reconstitution of a Kv Channel into Lipid Membranes for Structural and Functional Studies
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A highly efficient charge-driven method to encapsulate bacteriophages in liposomes.

Yue Cao1, Mengyu Li1, Dipesh Khanal1

  • 1Advanced Drug Delivery Group, Sydney Pharmacy School, Faculty of Medicine and Health, The University of Sydney, NSW 2006, Australia.

International Journal of Pharmaceutics
|August 14, 2025
PubMed
Summary

A new electrostatic method efficiently encapsulates bacteriophages into liposomes, enhancing stability and delivery for antimicrobial therapy against resistant infections. This scalable approach achieves high efficiency and preserves phage viability.

Keywords:
AFM-IRBacteriophage (phage)Cationic lipidLiposome encapsulationPhage formulationPhage stabilityPseudomonas aeruginosa

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Area of Science:

  • Biotechnology
  • Antimicrobial Therapy
  • Nanotechnology

Background:

  • Liposome-encapsulated bacteriophages show promise for treating multidrug-resistant infections by improving phage stability and targeted delivery.
  • Existing encapsulation methods suffer from low efficiency (≤50%), phage inactivation, and poor scalability for industrial production.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To develop and evaluate an electrostatically driven encapsulation method for producing phage liposomal formulations.
  • To overcome the limitations of current methods by enhancing efficiency, scalability, and phage viability.

Main Methods:

  • Utilized cationic lipids (DOTAP) and scalable micromixing systems (AXF™mini, confined impinging jet, microfluidic chip).
  • Investigated various flow rate ratios and total flow rates to optimize encapsulation.
  • Employed transmission electron microscopy, atomic force microscopy, and infrared spectroscopy for structural analysis.

Main Results:

  • Achieved high encapsulation efficiency of 90-91% for both podovirus (PEV31) and myovirus (PEV1) using electrostatic interactions.
  • Maintained phage viability with minimal reduction (<0.2 log10 titre).
  • Produced uniformly sized liposomal phages (<1000 nm, PDI <0.3) with a slightly positive zeta potential.

Conclusions:

  • The electrostatic encapsulation method effectively addresses key challenges in phage therapy, including efficiency and scalability.
  • This versatile strategy accommodates diverse phage morphotypes while preserving viability.
  • The developed liposomal phage formulations hold potential for industrial-scale antimicrobial applications.