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Related Concept Videos

Hypoglycemia and Glucagon01:15

Hypoglycemia and Glucagon

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Without prolonged fasting, healthy individuals maintain blood glucose levels above 3.5 mM due to a well-adapted neuroendocrine counterregulatory system that effectively prevents acute hypoglycemia, a potentially life-threatening condition. The primary clinical scenarios for hypoglycemia encompass diabetes treatment, inappropriate production of endogenous insulin or insulin-like substances by tumors, and the use of glucose-lowering agents in non-diabetic individuals. Notably, hypoglycemia in the...
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Insulin: Dosing Regimen and Adverse Effects01:16

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Insulin-replacement therapy usually includes both long-acting insulin (basal) and short-acting insulin (to cater to postprandial needs). In a diverse group of type 1 diabetes patients, the average daily insulin dose is typically 0.5-0.7 units/kg body weight. However, obese patients and pubertal adolescents may need more due to insulin resistance.
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Insulin: Biosynthesis, Chemistry, and Preparation01:25

Insulin: Biosynthesis, Chemistry, and Preparation

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The endoplasmic reticulum (ER) of pancreatic β-cells synthesizes preproinsulin, which consists of a signal peptide, A and B chains, and a C-peptide. Preproinsulin is then cleaved and folded into proinsulin, which translocates to the Golgi apparatus for sorting and packaging into secretory granules. In these granules, enzymatic clipping generates insulin and C-peptide.
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Insulin Formulations: Types and Delivery01:27

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Insulin preparations are categorized by their duration of action into short-acting and long-acting types. Two strategies are used to modify insulin's absorption and pharmacokinetic profile: slowing the absorption post-subcutaneous injection, or altering human insulin's amino acid sequence or protein structure. These changes retain the insulin's ability to bind to the insulin receptor, but alter its behavior in solution or after injection.
Short-acting insulins are divided into...
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Diabetes: Symptoms, Diagnosis, and Complications01:15

Diabetes: Symptoms, Diagnosis, and Complications

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For most patients, experiencing several weeks of polyuria, polydipsia, fatigue, and significant weight loss may indicate the presence of diabetes. Furthermore, adults displaying the phenotypic appearance of type 2 diabetes (particularly those who are obese and not initially insulin-requiring), may have islet cell autoantibodies, suggesting autoimmune-mediated β cell destruction and a diagnosis of latent autoimmune diabetes of adults (LADA). The categorization of glucose homeostasis is...
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SBAR II: Application of SBAR01:14

SBAR II: Application of SBAR

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SBAR is an effective communication tool used by healthcare professionals to communicate patient information accurately. SBAR stands for Situation, Background, Assessment, and Recommendation. For a better understanding, an example is given below.
SBAR Report from a Nurse to a Health Care Provider
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Sep 11, 2025

Homogeneous Time-resolved F&#246;rster Resonance Energy Transfer-based Assay for Detection of Insulin Secretion
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Recommendation for Forensic Identification Guidelines on Insulin Overdoes.

Yu-Hao Yuan1, Zhong-Hao Yu1, Jia-Xin Zhang1

  • 1Department of Forensic Medicine, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430000, China.

Fa Yi Xue Za Zhi
|August 14, 2025
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Insulin overdose cases are increasing, but China lacks forensic identification protocols. This study reviews insulin

Keywords:
forensic identificationforensic pathologyforensic toxicologyinsulinintoxication

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Area of Science:

  • Forensic Medicine
  • Toxicology
  • Endocrinology

Background:

  • Insulin is a crucial protein hormone for metabolic regulation, widely used in diabetes treatment.
  • Reported cases of insulin overdose and homicide are rising globally.
  • No standardized forensic protocols exist in China for identifying insulin overdose.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To establish systematic forensic identification protocols for insulin overdose in China.
  • To provide recommendations and references for developing forensic guidelines.
  • To address the increasing incidence of insulin-related forensic cases.

Main Methods:

  • Review of causes and toxicological characteristics of insulin overdose.
  • Analysis of forensic examination and laboratory testing methods.
  • Compilation of indicator references for insulin overdose identification.

Main Results:

  • Identification of key indicators and methods for detecting insulin overdose.
  • Discussion of challenges and limitations in current forensic practices.
  • Synthesis of domestic and international research on insulin overdose.

Conclusions:

  • The development of specific forensic guidelines is crucial for accurate insulin overdose identification.
  • Standardized protocols will aid in distinguishing accidental overdose from intentional administration.
  • Further research and collaboration are needed to refine forensic methodologies.