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Related Concept Videos

Mechanism of heat transfer01:19

Mechanism of heat transfer

Understanding heat transfer mechanisms is essential for understanding how our bodies maintain balance in different environmental conditions. When the environment is thermoneutral, the body is in a state of balance, neither using nor releasing energy to maintain its core temperature. However, when the environment is not thermoneutral, the body employs four heat transfer mechanisms to maintain homeostasis: conduction, convection, evaporation, and radiation. These mechanisms facilitate heat...
Mechanisms of Heat Transfer I01:14

Mechanisms of Heat Transfer I

Just as interesting as the effects of heat transfer on a system are the methods by which the heat transfer occur. Whenever there is a temperature difference, heat transfer occurs. It may occur rapidly, such as through a cooking pan, or slowly, such as through the walls of a picnic ice box. So many processes involve heat transfer that it is hard to imagine a situation where no heat transfer occurs. Yet, every heat transfer takes place by only three methods: conduction, convection, and radiation.
Mechanisms of Heat Transfer II01:20

Mechanisms of Heat Transfer II

In convection, thermal energy is carried by the large-scale flow of matter. Ocean currents and large-scale atmospheric circulation, which result from the buoyancy of warm air and water, transfer hot air from the tropics toward the poles and cold air from the poles toward the tropics. The Earth’s rotation interacts with those flows, causing the observed eastward flow of air in the temperate zones. Convection dominates heat transfer by air, and the amount of available space for the airflow...
Mechanisms of Heat Transfer01:14

Mechanisms of Heat Transfer

Heat transfer between the human body and its environment occurs through four main mechanisms: conduction, convection, radiation, and evaporation.
Conduction, accounting for approximately 3% of body heat loss at rest, is the process of exchanging heat between molecules of two materials in direct contact. This can result in both heat loss and gain. For instance, when the body is submerged in water, which conducts heat 20 times more effectively than air, it can either lose or gain significant heat.

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jul 5, 2026

High-resolution Thermal Micro-imaging Using Europium Chelate Luminescent Coatings
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Tunable directional thermal emission using a phase change material-based multilayer structure.

Kandammathe Valiyaveedu Sreekanth1,2, Qing Yang Steve Wu1, Sambhu Jana3,4

  • 1Institute of Materials Research and Engineering, Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR), 2 Fusionopolis Way, Innovis #08-03, Singapore 138634, Republic of Singapore. sreekanth@imre.a-star.edu.sg.

Nanoscale Horizons
|August 15, 2025
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Researchers developed a novel tunable thermal emitter using phase change materials (PCMs) like Sb2S3. This device allows dynamic control over the direction and spectral range of thermal emission, crucial for advanced smart thermal emitters.

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Area of Science:

  • Photonics
  • Materials Science
  • Nanotechnology

Background:

  • Smart thermal emitters require tunable directional and spectral control of thermal emission.
  • Current photonic strategies offer limited tunability, often fixing the angular range.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To present a novel phase change material (PCM)-based tunable multilayer structure for actively regulating angular selectivity in thermal emission.
  • To demonstrate a lossless thermal emitter with a tunable angular range.

Main Methods:

  • Fabrication of a 1.35 μm tunable multilayer stack using alternating SiO2 and Sb2S3 (a high-crystallization-temperature PCM) thin films.
  • Utilizing the tunable Brewster mode within the SiO2-Sb2S3 multilayer cavity for directional control of thermal emission.
  • Demonstrating electrically controlled thermal emission via a microheater-integrated structure.

Main Results:

  • Achieved peak emissivity over 95% in a broad spectral band (10-18 μm) at the Brewster angle for p-polarized light.
  • Demonstrated tunable angular range of maximum thermal emission through the non-volatile phase transition property of Sb2S3.
  • Confirmed electrically controlled thermal emission, showcasing a versatile and lithography-free platform.

Conclusions:

  • The developed Sb2S3-SiO2 multilayer structure offers dynamic control over the angular range of directional thermal emission.
  • This tunable photonic structure is suitable for emerging applications requiring adaptive thermal emission properties.
  • The platform provides a versatile, lithography-free solution for advanced thermal emitter designs.