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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Sep 11, 2025

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Inner speech in motor cortex and implications for speech neuroprostheses.

Erin M Kunz1, Benyamin Abramovich Krasa2, Foram Kamdar3

  • 1Department of Electrical Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA; Wu Tsai Neurosciences Institute, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA.

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|August 15, 2025
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Summary

Researchers decoded inner speech using brain-computer interfaces (BCIs), finding it represented in motor cortex. This offers a potential communication pathway bypassing physical speech attempts for individuals with paralysis.

Keywords:
brain-computer interfacecovert speechinner speechmotor cortexspeech neuroprosthesis

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Area of Science:

  • Neuroscience
  • Biomedical Engineering
  • Human-Computer Interaction

Background:

  • Speech brain-computer interfaces (BCIs) aim to restore communication for individuals with paralysis.
  • Current BCIs often require physical speech attempts, which can be slow and fatiguing.
  • Concerns exist about BCIs potentially decoding private inner speech.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate the neural representation of inner speech in the motor cortex.
  • To determine if inner speech can be decoded in real time.
  • To explore methods for preventing unintended decoding of private inner speech.

Main Methods:

  • Utilized multi-unit recordings from four participants.
  • Analyzed neural activity during attempted and imagined speech tasks.
  • Developed and tested strategies to prevent private inner speech decoding.

Main Results:

  • Inner speech is robustly represented in the motor cortex and can be decoded in real time.
  • Inner speech representations correlate with attempted speech, with a distinct neural "motor-intent" dimension identified.
  • Decoding of free-form inner speech was achieved during specific cognitive tasks (sequence recall, counting).

Conclusions:

  • Inner speech is a viable target for brain-computer interfaces, potentially offering a less fatiguing communication method.
  • Distinguishing between attempted and inner speech is possible through neural decoding.
  • Effective strategies exist to safeguard private thoughts from unintended BCI decoding.