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Related Concept Videos

Drug Delivery: Miscellaneous Routes01:22

Drug Delivery: Miscellaneous Routes

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Drug delivery methods like oral inhalation, nasal sprays, transdermal patches, eye drops, intravitreal injection,  and rectal administration provide localized effects with reduced toxicity.
Oral inhalation and nasal sprays swiftly transfer drugs across the respiratory epithelium's mucosal layer. Inhaled glucocorticoids and bronchodilators directly target lung conditions such as asthma, while fluticasone nasal spray mitigates allergic rhinitis.
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Drug Delivery: Overview01:16

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The selection of a drug's delivery route depends upon its physicochemical properties, including lipid or water solubility and ionization, as well as the therapeutic requirement, such as immediate or sustained effect. These routes can be divided into three primary categories: enteral, parenteral, and topical.
Enteral delivery involves administering drugs directly through swallowing, sublingual placement, or buccal application. Orally administered drugs predominantly navigate the...
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Drug Delivery: Parenteral Route01:29

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The parenteral route is a critical method of drug administration. It delivers compounds directly into the systemic circulation and bypasses the gastrointestinal tract. This approach is particularly advantageous for drugs that exhibit poor absorption or instability when administered orally.
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Drug Delivery: Enteral Route01:18

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The enteral drug administration involves three primary routes: oral, sublingual, and buccal. Oral ingestion is the most prevalent, safe, economical, and convenient method for drug administration. However, it has certain drawbacks, including limited absorption due to the drug's low water solubility or poor membrane permeability, possible emesis from GI mucosa irritation, destruction of drugs by digestive enzymes or low gastric pH, and irregular absorption along with food or other drugs.
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Routes of Drug Administration: Parenteral01:25

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The administration of drugs via parenteral routes allows for direct drug introduction into the systemic circulation, resulting in high bioavailability because the medication bypasses the harsh conditions of the gastrointestinal tract and hepatic metabolism.
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Non-oral extravascular routes, which encompass sublingual, buccal, topical, intramuscular, and inhalation methods, primarily utilize passive diffusion to transport drugs into the systemic circulation. The absorption rates and effectiveness of these routes depend on the drug's physicochemical properties, as well as the patient's anatomical and pathophysiological state.
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Updated: Sep 11, 2025

Microinjectrode System for Combined Drug Infusion and Electrophysiology
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An Innovative Injectable and Retrievable Drug Delivery System for Endodontic Therapy.

Abdel H Mahmoud1, Aaron Sloutski2, Shi Fu2

  • 1Department of Oral Biology and Pathology, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, New York.

Journal of Endodontics
|August 15, 2025
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

A new calcium salicylate (CASA) hydrogel shows improved flowability and retrieval compared to traditional calcium hydroxide, effectively eliminating Enterococcus faecalis biofilms in root canals with minimal cytotoxicity.

Keywords:
Calcium hydroxideendodontic therapyinjectable hydrogelretrievabilitysalicylic acidthermo-reversibility

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Area of Science:

  • Biomaterials Science
  • Endodontics
  • Microbiology

Background:

  • Endodontic treatment failures are often linked to persistent bacterial biofilms, particularly Enterococcus faecalis.
  • Traditional calcium hydroxide intracanal medicaments present limitations such as poor flowability, difficult removal, and variable efficacy against E. faecalis.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To develop and evaluate a novel calcium salicylate (CASA) hydrogel formulation for endodontic applications.
  • To overcome the limitations of calcium hydroxide by enhancing flowability, retrievability, and antimicrobial efficacy against E. faecalis.

Main Methods:

  • Calcium salicylate (CASA) was synthesized and encapsulated within a photocrosslinked thermoreversible F127-dimethacrylamide (DMA) hydrogel.
  • Characterization included X-ray diffraction, Raman spectroscopy, FTIR, and differential scanning calorimetry.
  • Injectability, retrievability, in vitro antibacterial efficacy against E. faecalis biofilms, and cytotoxicity using dental pulp stem cells were assessed.

Main Results:

  • The F127-DMA/CASA hydrogel demonstrated significantly improved injectability and retrievability with minimal residual medicament compared to a commercial calcium hydroxide product.
  • Chemical analyses confirmed successful CASA integration into the F127-DMA hydrogel.
  • Treatment with F127-DMA/20% CASA resulted in a 6-log reduction in E. faecalis colony-forming units and complete biofilm elimination.
  • The hydrogel exhibited near-neutral pH and no significant cytotoxicity to dental pulp stem cells.

Conclusions:

  • The F127-DMA/CASA hydrogel offers superior flowability, retrievability, biocompatibility, and potent anti-E. faecalis activity.
  • This novel hydrogel represents a promising advancement over conventional calcium hydroxide for endodontic intracanal medicament applications.