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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Sep 11, 2025

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Brain-breathing interaction during MRI-related anxiety.

Gert Pfurtscheller1, Beate Rassler2, Maciej Kaminski3

  • 1Institute of Neural Engineering, Graz University of Technology, Graz, Austria.

Clinical Neurophysiology : Official Journal of the International Federation of Clinical Neurophysiology
|August 16, 2025
PubMed
Summary

Nasal breathing entrains brain oscillations, influencing neural activity and bodily rhythms. A breathing frequency of 0.32 Hz (20 breaths/min) is identified as a universal marker for anxiety during brain imaging.

Keywords:
AnxietyBinary hierarchy modelEnhanced breathing rateHippocampusInfra-slow oscillationsNasal breathing

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Area of Science:

  • Neuroscience
  • Psychophysiology
  • Computational Neuroscience

Background:

  • Nasal breathing influences neural oscillations in the prefrontal cortex and limbic systems.
  • Functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) allows non-invasive study of amygdala and hippocampus activity.
  • Previous research links neural oscillations with cardiac and respiratory rhythms.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate the directed coupling between brain structures and bodily organs using simultaneous physiological and fMRI recordings.
  • To test Klimesch's binary hierarchy model predicting preferred breathing frequencies and infra-slow oscillations (ISO).
  • To identify breathing patterns associated with anxiety during neuroimaging.

Main Methods:

  • Simultaneous recording of BOLD signals, respiration, and cardiac RR interval (RRI) time courses during fMRI.
  • Application of a multivariate autoregressive (MVAR) model and Granger causality analysis to assess information flow.
  • Analysis of neural oscillations in gamma, beta, and infra-slow ranges (<0.1 Hz).

Main Results:

  • Nasal breathing entrains fast oscillations in the prefrontal cortex and limbic systems.
  • The study identified preferred breathing frequencies of 0.32 Hz, 0.16 Hz, and 0.08 Hz, and an ISO at 0.02 Hz.
  • A breathing frequency of 0.32 Hz (∼20 breaths/min) was found to be a universal marker of anxiety in patients and healthy participants.

Conclusions:

  • Simultaneous physiological and fMRI recordings with MVAR modeling can reveal brain-body information flow.
  • Klimesch's model accurately predicts preferred breathing frequencies linked to neural and physiological rhythms.
  • The 0.32 Hz breathing frequency is a significant psychophysiological marker for anxiety, observable during fMRI.