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Updated: May 12, 2026

Inter-Brain Synchrony in Open-Ended Collaborative Learning: An fNIRS-Hyperscanning Study

Inter-Brain Synchrony in Open-Ended Collaborative Learning: An fNIRS-Hyperscanning Study

Published on: July 21, 2021

Environmental effects on inter-brain coupling: a systematic review.

Octavia Leahy¹, Emily Kontaris², Natalie Gunasekara¹

¹Optics Laboratory, Department of Medical Physics and Biomedical Engineering, University College London, London, United Kingdom.

Frontiers in Human Neuroscience

|August 18, 2025

Summary

This summary is machine-generated.

Environmental factors like distance and noise significantly impact inter-brain coupling (IBC) during social interactions. This review highlights how these elements modulate neural synchrony, offering insights for social settings and well-being interventions.

Keywords:

EEG environment functional near-infrared spectroscopy (fNIRS)hyperscanning inter-brain coupling (IBC)neuroimaging social neuroscience two-person neuroscience

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Area of Science:

Neuroscience
Social Psychology
Environmental Psychology

Background:

Environmental factors critically influence social interactions.
Emerging evidence suggests environmental variables impact inter-brain coupling (IBC).
Hyperscanning studies offer a window into neural synchrony during social exchanges.

Purpose of the Study:

To systematically review how environmental variables influence inter-brain coupling (IBC) during social interactions.
To provide an overview of experimental protocols used in hyperscanning research on environmental factors and IBC.
To identify opportunities and challenges in the study of environmental influences on IBC.

Main Methods:

Systematic literature search adhering to PRISMA guidelines.
Databases searched: PubMed and Scopus.
Inclusion criteria: original research up to February 2025, using hyperscanning to observe IBC with manipulated environmental factors.

Main Results:

Inter-brain coupling (IBC) is significantly influenced by environmental factors.
Key factors include interpersonal distance, background noise, virtual reality, and music.
These environmental variables modulate neural synchrony in brain regions vital for social cognition.

Conclusions:

The field of environmental influences on IBC is emerging, with challenges in protocols and funding.
Environmental factors play a crucial role in shaping IBC during social interactions.
This research area holds potential for designing supportive social environments and interventions to enhance social cohesion and mental well-being.