Regional Disparities and Emerging Topics in Human Milk Research Across Africa: A Scoping Review

This scoping review explores the regional distribution and scope of human milk research in Africa. Given the nutritional and immunological importance of human milk, understanding regional research activity is crucial for addressing maternal and infant health challenges across the continent. A systematic search of the Web of Science database was conducted up to 10/2023 adhering to PRISMA-ScR guidelines. All relevant publications on human milk research in Africa were included, regardless of type or quality. Studies were categorized based on key characteristics including study design, geographic location, and focus areas. A total of 459 reports on human milk sampling were identified, published between 1952 and 2023, with 81% full text available. Research activity was concentrated in Southern, Eastern, and Western Africa, with South Africa, Kenya, and Nigeria leading in HIV, micronutrient, and immunological research. Descriptive studies accounted for 34% of publications. HIV-related research (21.6%) predominated in regions with high HIV prevalence. There was notable underrepresentation from Northern and Central Africa, with countries like Niger and Gabon showing limited activity. Micronutrient and pesticide research prevailed in South Africa, Kenya, and Nigeria, while human milk microbiota research was concentrated in South Africa and Kenya. This scoping review reveals significant regional disparities in human milk research across Africa. Southern and Eastern Africa lead in key areas, but Northern and Central Africa remain underrepresented. To address these gaps, increased collaboration, funding, and region-specific research are essential. Expanding research efforts will enhance understanding and improve breastfeeding practices and infant health across the continent.