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Related Concept Videos

Insulin Formulations: Types and Delivery01:27

Insulin Formulations: Types and Delivery

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Insulin preparations are categorized by their duration of action into short-acting and long-acting types. Two strategies are used to modify insulin's absorption and pharmacokinetic profile: slowing the absorption post-subcutaneous injection, or altering human insulin's amino acid sequence or protein structure. These changes retain the insulin's ability to bind to the insulin receptor, but alter its behavior in solution or after injection.
Short-acting insulins are divided into...
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Diabetes Mellitus: Overview and Type I Subtype01:22

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Diabetes mellitus is a chronic metabolic disorder characterized by high blood glucose levels due to inadequate insulin production, insulin resistance, or both. The condition affects millions worldwide and can significantly impact their health and quality of life.
Type 1 diabetes is an autoimmune disease in which the immune system mistakenly attacks and destroys the insulin-producing beta cells in the pancreas. As a result, the body is unable to produce sufficient insulin, and individuals with...
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Insulin: Dosing Regimen and Adverse Effects01:16

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Insulin-replacement therapy usually includes both long-acting insulin (basal) and short-acting insulin (to cater to postprandial needs). In a diverse group of type 1 diabetes patients, the average daily insulin dose is typically 0.5-0.7 units/kg body weight. However, obese patients and pubertal adolescents may need more due to insulin resistance.
The basal dose constitutes about 40%-50% of the total daily dose, with the rest as premeal insulin. The mealtime insulin dose should mirror...
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Diabetes: Management and Pharmacotherapy01:15

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The therapy for diabetes aims to alleviate hyperglycemia-related symptoms, prevent acute metabolic decompensation, and reduce chronic end-organ complications. Glycemic control is evaluated through short-term (self-monitoring, continuous glucose monitoring) and long-term (A1c, fructosamine) metrics, enabling near real-time tracking of blood glucose levels and reflecting glycemic control over specific time frames.
Insulin remains the cornerstone of treatment for most patients with type 1 and many...
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Insulin: Biosynthesis, Chemistry, and Preparation01:25

Insulin: Biosynthesis, Chemistry, and Preparation

523
The endoplasmic reticulum (ER) of pancreatic β-cells synthesizes preproinsulin, which consists of a signal peptide, A and B chains, and a C-peptide. Preproinsulin is then cleaved and folded into proinsulin, which translocates to the Golgi apparatus for sorting and packaging into secretory granules. In these granules, enzymatic clipping generates insulin and C-peptide.
Damage or functional impairment of β-cells inhibits insulin production, leading to diabetes. Diabetes treatment...
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Glucagon-like Receptor Agonists01:24

Glucagon-like Receptor Agonists

416
Incretins include glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1) and glucose-dependent insulinotropic polypeptide (GIP), which stimulate insulin secretion post-meals. In type 2 diabetes, GIP's efficacy is reduced, making GLP-1 a viable drug target. GIP originates from preproGIP.
GLP-1, when administered in high doses intravenously, triggers insulin secretion, inhibits glucagon release, slows gastric emptying, reduces food intake, and restores normal insulin secretion. However, its rapid inactivation by...
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Updated: Sep 11, 2025

Improving IV Insulin Administration in a Community Hospital
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Automated Insulin Delivery for Type 1 Diabetes: Present and Future.

Tugce Akcan1, Ming Yeh Lee2, Leor Needleman1

  • 1Division of Endocrinology, Gerontology and Metabolism, Department of Medicine, Stanford University, Stanford, CA.

Diabetes Spectrum : a Publication of the American Diabetes Association
|August 18, 2025
PubMed
Summary

Automated insulin delivery (AID) systems significantly improve type 1 diabetes management, enhancing metabolic control and quality of life. This review covers current AID technologies, real-world use cases, and future directions for improved functionality and adoption.

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Area of Science:

  • Endocrinology
  • Biomedical Engineering
  • Diabetes Technology

Background:

  • Type 1 diabetes management has been revolutionized by automated insulin delivery (AID) systems.
  • AID systems represent the leading technology for enhancing metabolic outcomes and patient quality of life.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review current automated insulin delivery systems and their features.
  • To illustrate real-world applications of AID through case vignettes.
  • To identify technological gaps and explore future advancements in AID.

Main Methods:

  • Review of available automated insulin delivery systems.
  • Analysis of key features and real-world applications.
  • Examination of current technological limitations and future potential.

Main Results:

  • Automated insulin delivery systems offer significant benefits for type 1 diabetes management.
  • Case vignettes demonstrate the practical utility of AID in diverse clinical scenarios.
  • Gaps in current technology and areas for future development are identified.

Conclusions:

  • Automated insulin delivery systems are highly effective for improving type 1 diabetes management.
  • Further advancements are needed to enhance AID functionality, accessibility, and widespread adoption.