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Structure and Function of Platelets01:18

Structure and Function of Platelets

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The cell fragments known as platelets are disc-shaped, with an average diameter of about 3 μm and a thickness of roughly 1 μm. They play a crucial role in the body's vascular clotting system, which also involves plasma proteins, blood cells, and blood vessel tissues.
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Hemostasis is a crucial process that prevents excessive blood loss from damaged blood vessels. It involves various mechanisms such as vasoconstriction, platelet adhesion and activation, and fibrin formation. The importance of each mechanism depends on the type of vessel injury. In contrast, thrombosis is the abnormal formation of a blood clot within the blood vessels, leading to potential complications if the clot obstructs blood flow. Thrombosis can be caused by increased coagulability of the...
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Antiplatelet Drugs: Prostaglandin Synthesis, P2Y12 and Glycoprotein IIb/IIIa Inhibitors01:20

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Endocarditis II: Clinical Features of Infective Endocarditis01:25

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Endocarditis can present various clinical features depending on the causative organism and the patient's underlying health conditions. Initially, the clinical features of infective endocarditis develop gradually, presenting with nonspecific symptoms that can be easily mistaken for other illnesses.General SymptomsEarly symptoms of infective endocarditis are fever, chills, weakness, malaise, fatigue, and weight loss. These symptoms reflect the systemic nature of the infection and the body's...
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Sep 11, 2025

Procoagulant Platelet Characterization by Measuring Phosphatidylserine Exposure and Microvesicle Release from Human Purified Platelets
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Procoagulant Platelet Characterization by Measuring Phosphatidylserine Exposure and Microvesicle Release from Human Purified Platelets

Published on: November 29, 2024

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Pattern recognition receptor-associated immuno-thrombotic transcript changes in platelets and leukocytes with

Heather Learnard1,2, Jason Core1, Heather Corkrey1,2

  • 1Department of Medicine, Divisions of Cardiovascular Medicine, UMass Chan Medical School, Worcester, Massachusetts, United States of America.

Plos Pathogens
|August 18, 2025
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

COVID-19 alters pattern recognition receptor (PRR) expression in platelets and leukocytes, impacting thrombosis risk. Specific PRRs in each cell type correlate with COVID-19 severity and organ damage, revealing distinct cellular responses.

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Last Updated: Sep 11, 2025

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Comprehensive Analysis of Procoagulant Platelets Exhibiting Features of Necrosis, Apoptosis and Platelet Activation
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Area of Science:

  • Immunology
  • Hematology
  • Infectious Diseases

Background:

  • Respiratory infections, including COVID-19, are linked to increased thrombosis risk.
  • Platelet-leukocyte interactions via pattern recognition receptors (PRRs) are implicated in this process.
  • Understanding PRR expression changes and their functional consequences is crucial for managing COVID-19 complications.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To characterize COVID-19-induced alterations in PRR expression on platelets and leukocytes.
  • To investigate the association of PRR expression with thrombotic/coagulation transcriptional programs.
  • To correlate PRR levels with COVID-19 patient outcomes, including disease severity, coagulopathy, and liver inflammation.

Main Methods:

  • Amplicon RNA sequencing of platelets and leukocytes from COVID-19 patients and healthy donors.
  • Analysis of PRR expression patterns and their correlation with thrombotic/coagulation transcripts.
  • Assessment of platelet-leukocyte aggregates and extracellular vesicles.
  • Correlation of specific PRR levels with clinical outcomes (severity, survival, INR, ALT).
  • Bioinformatic analysis of publicly available whole-blood RNA-seq data.

Main Results:

  • COVID-19 significantly altered PRR expression in platelets (increased TLR9, RIG-I, CGAS, TLR1) and leukocytes (decreased TLR6, TLR8).
  • Platelet PRRs (MDA5, RIG-I, LGP2) associated with thrombotic/coagulation transcripts in COVID-19, unlike in healthy donors (TLR9).
  • Leukocyte PRR associations with coagulation transcripts diminished in COVID-19.
  • Platelet-TLR3 and leukocyte-TLR5 correlated with COVID-19 severity/survival; leukocyte-TLR7 showed inverse correlation.
  • Specific PRRs linked to coagulopathy (platelet-TLR4, leukocyte-TLR10) and liver inflammation (LGP2, TLR3, TLR6, TLR7, RIG-I).

Conclusions:

  • Platelets and leukocytes exhibit distinct, COVID-19-dependent PRR expression profiles and associations with thrombotic/coagulation pathways.
  • Specific PRRs on platelets and leukocytes serve as potential biomarkers for COVID-19 severity, coagulopathy, and liver damage.
  • The findings highlight the complex interplay of PRRs in COVID-19 pathogenesis and thrombosis, suggesting therapeutic targets.