Best Practice Guidance for Male Individuals Using Anabolic Androgenic Steroids in Recreational Sports Within Primary
Raphael Magnolini1,2, Oliver Senn1, Stefan Neuner-Jehle1
1Institute of Primary Care, University of Zurich and University Hospital Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland.
JMIR Research Protocols
|August 18, 2025
Summary
This study develops best practice guidance for healthcare professionals on managing anabolic androgenic steroid (AAS) use in primary care. The Delphi method ensures expert consensus on effective and feasible medical care strategies for AAS users.
Area of Science:
- Medical Science
- Public Health
- Sports Medicine
Background:
- Nonmedical use of anabolic androgenic steroids (AASs) presents a global public health concern, particularly in recreational sports.
- Individuals using AASs nonmedically face significant health risks, yet medical guidance remains limited.
- A lack of expert consensus hinders adequate medical care for this population.
Purpose of the Study:
- To establish best practice guidelines for healthcare professionals caring for individuals misusing AASs.
- To achieve consensus on relevant and feasible medical care measures within the Swiss primary care setting.
Main Methods:
- The Delphi consensus method, adhering to DELPHISTAR criteria, was employed.
- A mixed-methods approach included a scoping literature review, expert experience incorporation, peer involvement, and a heterogeneous steering group.
- Three rounds of anonymous web-based surveys with 25 primary care medical experts were conducted, utilizing a 5-point Likert scale for relevance and feasibility ratings.
Main Results:
- The study is developing evidence-based, consensus-driven best practice guidance for primary care professionals.
- Expected publication of the best current clinical guidance is summer 2026.
- Ethics approval has been secured from the relevant local ethics committee.
Conclusions:
- The developed guidance aims to bridge the treatment gap for individuals misusing AASs.
- Primary care's accessibility and care coordination capabilities are vital for managing AAS-related health issues.
- The Delphi technique effectively facilitated expert consensus while ensuring participant anonymity.
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