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Image-based Lagrangian Particle Tracking in Bed-load Experiments

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Published on: July 20, 2017

Displacement field visualization of particle beds after slow impacts using diffusing wave spectroscopy.

Tetyana Bila¹, Gerhard Wurm¹, Jonathan E Kollmer¹

¹Universität Duisburg-Essen, Fakultät für Physik, Duisburg, Germany.

Physical Review. E

|August 19, 2025

Summary

This summary is machine-generated.

Impacts into soil rearrange a larger subsurface volume than the visible crater suggests. Diffusing wave spectroscopy revealed this affected zone, showing particle rearrangement extends significantly beyond the impact site.

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Area of Science:

Geophysics
Soil Mechanics
Materials Science

Background:

Low-velocity impacts on granular materials primarily dissipate energy within the soil.
The extent of subsurface material displacement or compaction due to impacts is not well understood.
Characterizing the affected soil volume is crucial for understanding impact mechanics.

Purpose of the Study:

To quantify the volume of soil affected by low-velocity impacts.
To investigate subsurface material rearrangement and compaction.
To compare the size of the affected zone with the impact crater dimensions.

Main Methods:

Utilized diffusing wave spectroscopy (DWS) to probe local soil packing structure.
Monitored changes in particle arrangement before, during, and after impact events.
Analyzed DWS data to identify the boundaries of the rearranged soil volume.

Main Results:

Identified a distinct (half)-spherical volume of particle rearrangement.
Determined that the radius of this rearrangement zone is substantially larger than the impact crater diameter.
Observed that the scaling laws governing the rearrangement zone size are similar to those of the crater size.

Conclusions:

Impacts into granular materials induce subsurface rearrangement extending far beyond the visible crater.
Diffusing wave spectroscopy is effective in characterizing impact-induced soil structural changes.
The size of the impact-affected soil volume scales comparably to the crater dimensions.