Emerging modalities for neuroprognostication in neonatal encephalopathy: harnessing the potential of artificial...

Neonatal Encephalopathy (NE) from presumed hypoxic-ischemic encephalopathy (pHIE) is a leading cause of morbidity and mortality in infants worldwide. Recent advancements in HIE research have introduced promising tools for improved screening of high-risk infants, time to diagnosis, and accuracy of assessment of neurologic injury to guide management and predict outcomes, some of which integrate artificial intelligence (AI) and machine learning (ML). This review begins with an overview of AI/ML before examining emerging prognostic approaches for predicting outcomes in pHIE. It explores various modalities including placental and fetal biomarkers, gene expression, electroencephalography, brain magnetic resonance imaging and other advanced neuroimaging techniques, clinical video assessment tools, and transcranial magnetic stimulation paired with electromyography. Each of these approaches may come to play a crucial role in predicting outcomes in pHIE. We also discuss the application of AI/ML to enhance these emerging prognostic tools. While further validation is needed for widespread clinical adoption, these tools and their multimodal integration hold the potential to better leverage neuroplasticity windows of affected infants. IMPACT: This article provides an overview of placental pathology, biomarkers, gene expression, electroencephalography, motor assessments, brain imaging, and transcranial magnetic stimulation tools for long-term neurodevelopmental outcome prediction following neonatal encephalopathy, that lend themselves to augmentation by artificial intelligence/machine learning (AI/ML). Emerging AI/ML tools may create opportunities for enhanced prognostication through multimodal analyses.