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Related Concept Videos

Urinary Tract Infection II: Pathophysiology01:25

Urinary Tract Infection II: Pathophysiology

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The pathophysiology of urinary tract infections (UTIs) encompasses several progressive stages, beginning with bacterial colonization and culminating in potential systemic complications if untreated. UTIs are primarily initiated by bacteria, such as Escherichia coli, which often originate from the gastrointestinal tract and migrate to the urinary system through the periurethral area. This migration can occur via several routes, including improper hygiene practices, sexual activity, or...
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Urinary Tract Infection I: Introduction01:26

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Urinary tract infections (UTIs) impact various parts of the urinary system, including the kidneys, ureters, bladder, and urethra. These infections are generally bacterial, with Escherichia coli being the most common causative agent, often originating from the gastrointestinal tract. However, other bacteria, such as Staphylococcus saprophyticus, Klebsiella pneumoniae, and Proteus mirabilis, are also known to cause UTIs. The type, location, and underlying complexity of the UTI guide both...
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Natural flora, body system defenses, and inflammation are natural barriers of the body against infectious agents regardless of previous exposure. Normal floras of the human body refer to the microbial population that colonizes the skin and mucous membranes.
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Acute Pyelonephritis I: Introduction01:27

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Pyelonephritis is a bacterial infection that primarily affects the renal parenchyma and collecting system, including the renal pelvis, tubules, and interstitial tissue of one or both kidneys. It can be classified as either acute—a sudden, severe infection—or chronic, which refers to long-term or recurrent kidney infections.The primary cause of acute pyelonephritis (APN) is bacterial infection, with Escherichia coli accounting for approximately 70-80% of cases. Other bacteria, such...
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Infection01:20

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When a pathogen enters the body and reproduces, it can cause an infection, damage body cells, and cause illness symptoms that eventually lead to disease. Therefore, its prevention requires breaking the chain of infection.
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Healthcare-associated infections (HAIs) occur in a healthcare facility while a person receives care for another ailment. This category also includes work-related infections among healthcare staff.
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Updated: Sep 8, 2025

Establishment and Characterization of UTI and CAUTI in a Mouse Model
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Unmasking Pathogen Traits for Chronic Colonization in Neurogenic Bladder Patients.

Seth A Reasoner1, Brendan T Frainey2, Owen F Hale3

  • 1Division of Molecular Pathogenesis, Department of Pathology, Microbiology & Immunology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN.

Biorxiv : the Preprint Server for Biology
|August 20, 2025
PubMed
Summary

Children with spina bifida and neurogenic bladder experience recurrent urinary tract infections (UTIs). Bacterial adaptation, not antibiotic resistance, drives persistent colonization by altering cell envelopes for immune evasion.

Keywords:
Urobiomebacterial evolutionspina bifidaurinary microbiomeurinary tract infection

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Area of Science:

  • Microbiology
  • Urology
  • Evolutionary Biology

Background:

  • Neurogenic bladder, often caused by spina bifida, leads to chronic bacterial colonization and urinary tract infections (UTIs).
  • Understanding the microbial dynamics in neurogenic bladders is crucial for developing effective treatments.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate the ecological and evolutionary dynamics of the urinary microbiome in children and young adults with spina bifida.
  • To characterize microbial composition and identify adaptation mechanisms in the context of neurogenic bladder.

Main Methods:

  • Developed a longitudinal cohort of 77 patients with spina bifida.
  • Utilized enhanced urine culture, 16S rRNA sequencing, and whole genome sequencing.
  • Analyzed prospective and retrospective bacterial isolates over five years from a clinical microbial biobank.

Main Results:

  • Urine samples showed high abundance of pathogens like *E. coli* and *Klebsiella*.
  • Identified two colonization patterns: rapid strain/species cycling or single strain persistence.
  • Mutations in cell envelope genes, not antibiotic resistance, were linked to immune and phage evasion, indicating a fitness trade-off.

Conclusions:

  • Bacterial adaptation through cell envelope modification aids persistence in the neurogenic bladder environment.
  • These adaptations involve immune evasion and altered phage susceptibility.
  • The findings offer potential targets for novel therapeutic strategies against chronic UTIs in neurogenic bladder.