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    Olfactory dysfunction affects 76.1% of maintenance hemodialysis (MHD) patients, with age, low albumin, low cholesterol, and education level being key risk factors for anosmia. These factors also contribute to the worsening of smell function in MHD patients.

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    Area of Science:

    • Nephrology
    • Otolaryngology
    • Clinical Chemistry

    Background:

    • Olfactory dysfunction is a common complication in patients undergoing maintenance hemodialysis (MHD).
    • Understanding the prevalence and risk factors is crucial for early detection and management.

    Purpose of the Study:

    • To determine the prevalence of olfactory dysfunction in MHD patients.
    • To identify risk factors associated with olfactory dysfunction (hyposmia and anosmia).
    • To develop and evaluate a predictive model for anosmia in MHD patients.

    Main Methods:

    • Cross-sectional study comparing MHD patients with a healthy control group.
    • Olfactory function assessed using the Sniffin' Sticks test.
    • Logistic regression analysis to identify risk factors and build a predictive model for anosmia.

    Main Results:

    • The prevalence of olfactory dysfunction was significantly higher in MHD patients (76.1%) compared to controls (37.8%).
    • Advanced age, hypoalbuminemia, hypocholesterolemia, and low education level were identified as significant risk factors for anosmia.
    • Hypocholesterolemia was also a risk factor for hyposmia.

    Conclusions:

    • A high prevalence of olfactory dysfunction exists in MHD patients.
    • Predictive factors for anosmia include age, hypoalbuminemia, hypocholesterolemia, and education level.
    • The developed prediction model demonstrated good performance in assessing anosmia risk.