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Related Concept Videos

Skin Cancer01:30

Skin Cancer

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Skin cancer is a type of cancer that occurs when there is an abnormal growth of skin cells, usually triggered by damage to the DNA within the skin cells. It is primarily caused by exposure to ultraviolet (UV) radiation from the sun or artificial sources like tanning beds. Skin cancer is the most common type of cancer worldwide, and its incidence continues to rise.
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The color of the skin is influenced by a number of pigments, including melanin, carotene, and hemoglobin. Recall that melanin is produced by cells called melanocytes, which are found scattered throughout the stratum basale of the epidermis. The melanin is transferred to the keratinocytes via melanosomes.
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Mutations are changes in the sequence of DNA. These changes can occur spontaneously or they can be induced by exposure to environmental factors. Mutations can be characterized in a number of different ways: whether and how they alter the amino acid sequence of the protein, whether they occur over a small or large area of DNA, and whether they occur in somatic cells or germline cells.
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Skin is the first line of defense and encounters a variety of microbes. Some pathogenic strains are often the cause of a broad range of infections of the skin and other body systems. These conditions can affect people of all ages and may have different causes, including genetic factors, infections, autoimmune reactions, environmental factors, and lifestyle choices.
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Cancer arises from mutations in the critical genes that allow healthy cells to escape cell cycle regulation and acquire the ability to proliferate indefinitely. Though originating from a single mutation event in one of the originator cells, cancer progresses when the mutant cell lines continue to gain more and more mutations, and finally, become malignant. For example, chronic myelogenous leukemia (CML) develops initially as a non-lethal increase in white blood cells, which progressively...
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Updated: Sep 10, 2025

Pharmacologic Induction of Epidermal Melanin and Protection Against Sunburn in a Humanized Mouse Model
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Skin Cancer.

Jonathon Firnhaber1

  • 1Department of Family Medicine, Brody School of Medicine, East Carolina University, 101 Heart Drive, Greenville, NC 27834, USA.

Primary Care
|August 20, 2025
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Nonmelanoma skin cancers, including basal cell and squamous cell carcinoma, are common. Melanoma is a serious, increasing skin cancer; unusual lesions warrant high clinical suspicion.

Keywords:
Actinic keratosisBasal cell carcinomaCutaneous melanomaKeratoacanthomaNonmelanomaSkin cancerSquamous cell carcinoma

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Area of Science:

  • Dermatology
  • Oncology

Background:

  • Keratinocyte carcinoma (nonmelanoma skin cancer) is the most common human malignancy.
  • It includes basal cell carcinoma (BCC) and cutaneous squamous cell carcinoma (cSCC).
  • Cutaneous melanoma incidence is increasing globally, posing a significant health concern.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To describe the common clinical presentations of keratinocyte carcinomas.
  • To highlight the seriousness and rising incidence of cutaneous melanoma.
  • To emphasize the importance of clinical suspicion for melanoma detection.

Main Methods:

  • Descriptive review of clinical characteristics of common skin cancers.
  • Emphasis on visual diagnostic cues for BCC, cSCC, and melanoma.

Main Results:

  • BCC typically presents as a pearly, dome-shaped papule with visible vessels.
  • cSCC commonly appears as a firm, hyperkeratotic papule or plaque, sometimes ulcerated.
  • Melanoma requires high clinical suspicion due to its variable appearance and increasing prevalence.

Conclusions:

  • Early recognition of skin cancer subtypes is crucial for timely management.
  • Clinicians must maintain a high index of suspicion for melanoma, especially with atypical lesions.
  • Understanding the distinct presentations of BCC, cSCC, and melanoma aids in diagnosis.