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Functional Classification of Joints

Functional Classification of Joints

Functional Classification of Joints
The functional classification of joints is determined by the amount of mobility between the adjacent bones. Joints are functionally classified as a synarthrosis or immobile joint, an amphiarthrosis or slightly moveable joint, or as a diarthrosis, a freely moveable joint. Fibrous and cartilaginous joints can be functionally classified as either synarthroses or amphiarthroses, whereas all synovial joints are classified as diarthroses.
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: May 31, 2026

Oscillation and Reaction Board Techniques for Estimating Inertial Properties of a Below-knee Prosthesis

Oscillation and Reaction Board Techniques for Estimating Inertial Properties of a Below-knee Prosthesis

Published on: May 8, 2014

Detecting inter-adjustment coupling changes for transtibial adjustable prosthetic sockets: A novel motion capture

Michael Baldock¹, Niamh Gill¹, Vikranth Harthikote Nagaraja¹

¹School of Health and Society, University of Salford, Frederick Road, Salford, M6 6PU, Greater Manchester, England, United Kingdom.

Medical Engineering & Physics

|August 20, 2025

Summary

This study introduces a new motion capture model to measure movement in adjustable prosthetic sockets. The model effectively detected changes in prosthesis movement and comfort across different socket tightness levels.

Keywords:

Adjustable sockets Coupling Gait Lower-limb Motion capture Pistoning Prosthetic Socket

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Last Updated: May 31, 2026

Oscillation and Reaction Board Techniques for Estimating Inertial Properties of a Below-knee Prosthesis

Oscillation and Reaction Board Techniques for Estimating Inertial Properties of a Below-knee Prosthesis

Published on: May 8, 2014

A Structured Rehabilitation Protocol for Improved Multifunctional Prosthetic Control: A Case Study

A Structured Rehabilitation Protocol for Improved Multifunctional Prosthetic Control: A Case Study

Published on: November 6, 2015

Subject-specific Musculoskeletal Model for Studying Bone Strain During Dynamic Motion

Subject-specific Musculoskeletal Model for Studying Bone Strain During Dynamic Motion

Published on: April 11, 2018

Area of Science:

Biomechanics
Prosthetics and Orthotics
Rehabilitation Engineering

Background:

Prosthetic sockets connect residual limbs to prostheses, but non-rigid connections cause unintended movement.
This movement can impair function, cause discomfort, and lead to soft tissue damage.
Adjustable sockets offer volumetric changes, but their effect on socket-prosthesis connection dynamics is not well understood.

Purpose of the Study:

To assess the feasibility of a novel motion capture model for measuring inter-adjustment level prosthetic movement in an adjustable socket.
To quantify changes in prosthesis movement and comfort related to adjustable socket settings.

Main Methods:

A bespoke adjustable prosthetic socket with a posterior panel was manufactured for a participant with unilateral transtibial amputation.
A novel motion capture model was employed to measure relative movement and comfort.
Measurements were taken across five distinct socket tightness settings.

Main Results:

The motion capture model detected significant changes in prosthetic movement (surge and pistoning) during the swing phase across adjustment levels.
No significant difference in the overall range of movement was observed throughout the entire gait cycle.
The tightest and loosest socket adjustments showed a detectable difference in participant comfort.

Conclusions:

The novel motion capture model is effective in detecting performance differences in adjustable prosthetic sockets.
Quantifying movement changes due to adjustable socket shape enhances understanding of prosthetic fit and comfort.
Findings are specific to the individual and socket design but demonstrate model feasibility.