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Dissection of the Auditory Bulla in Postnatal Mice: Isolation of the Middle Ear Bones and Histological Analysis
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Middle ear myoclonus: pathophysiology and management

Amber Zhang-Kraczkowska1, Wai Keat Wong2

  • 1Adelaide Medical School, The University of Adelaide, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia.

Current Opinion in Otolaryngology & Head and Neck Surgery
|August 21, 2025
PubMed
Summary

Middle ear myoclonus (MEM) causes tinnitus from involuntary muscle contractions. Treatments include medications, surgery, and emerging botulinum toxin therapies, requiring individualized patient approaches.

Keywords:
botulinum toxinendoscopic ear surgerymiddle ear myoclonusmuscle relaxantsobjective tinnitusstapediustensor tympanitinnitus

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