Peptide self-assembly meets photodynamic therapy: from molecular design to antitumor applications

Peptide-based photosensitive nanodrugs have emerged as a versatile and programmable nanoplatform for photodynamic therapy (PDT). By harnessing the inherent biocompatibility, structural programmability, and functional tunability of peptide in combination with the photoactivity of photosensitizer (PS), these supramolecular assemblies offer precise control over the photophysical properties and tumoral delivery of PS. In this review, we highlight recent advances in the design and engineering of peptide-PS nanodrugs, with a focus on the underlying noncovalent interactions, structural design principles, and functional integration. We further discuss how these supramolecular nanodrugs effectively overcome key barriers in tumoral delivery for PDT. Finally, we provide a perspective on the current challenges and future opportunities for translating peptide-based photosensitive nanodrugs into clinical practice.