Inkjet-Printed 3D Sensor Arrays with FIB-Induced Electrode Refinement for Low-Noise Amperometric Recordings in...

Understanding the functional connectivity and behavior of 3D cell cultures and organoids requires monitoring electrical activity across multiple planes. However, traditional planar microelectrode arrays (MEAs) are limited to surface recordings and struggle to capture signals from deeper layers. Additionally, current fabrication methods face challenges such as prolonged production times and limited design flexibility, which hinder the development of high-precision 3D electrode arrays and affect the quality of cell-electrode coupling. To overcome these obstacles, we introduce a new approach that integrates inkjet printing with focused ion beam (FIB) milling and electrodeposition, resulting in highly customizable 3D MEAs. The FIB milling enables the creation of precise electrode openings at predetermined locations, which is essential for selective recordings within the tissue. The MEAs, fabricated on glass substrates, incorporate high-aspect-ratio (up to 44:1) electrode structures with heights up to 1 mm, a pitch of 500 μm, and electrode openings of 3 and 6 μm, providing the necessary resolution for targeted measurements. Impedance and noise characteristics (down to a root-mean-square of (RMS) noise of 0.2 pA) for amperometric measurements were assessed in dependence on the electrode size. We demonstrate the effectiveness of these 3D MEAs by recording electrophysiological activity from hiPSC-derived cortical organoids (age: 24 month) both in situ and after 10 days of cultivation of the organoid directly on the MEA. This approach facilitates in vitro studies of neural activity in organoids and holds promise for high-throughput, selective amperometric analyses in normal and pathologically altered conditions.