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Related Concept Videos

Phase Transitions02:31

Phase Transitions

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Whether solid, liquid, or gas, a substance's state depends on the order and arrangement of its particles (atoms, molecules, or ions). Particles in the solid pack closely together, generally in a pattern. The particles vibrate about their fixed positions but do not move or squeeze past their neighbors. In liquids, although the particles are closely spaced, they are randomly arranged. The position of the particles are not fixed—that is, they are free to move past their neighbors to...
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Phase Transitions: Vaporization and Condensation02:39

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The physical form of a substance changes on changing its temperature. For example, raising the temperature of a liquid causes the liquid to vaporize (convert into vapor). The process is called vaporization—a surface phenomenon. Vaporization occurs when the thermal motion of the molecules overcome the intermolecular forces, and the molecules (at the surface) escape into the gaseous state. When a liquid vaporizes in a closed container, gas molecules cannot escape. As these gas phase...
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Molecular and Ionic Solids02:54

Molecular and Ionic Solids

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Crystalline solids are divided into four types: molecular, ionic, metallic, and covalent network based on the type of constituent units and their interparticle interactions.
Molecular Solids
Molecular crystalline solids, such as ice, sucrose (table sugar), and iodine, are solids that are composed of neutral molecules as their constituent units. These molecules are held together by weak intermolecular forces such as London dispersion forces, dipole-dipole interactions, or hydrogen bonds, which...
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Phase Transitions01:21

Phase Transitions

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A phase transition is the process in which a substance changes from one state of matter to another, like from a solid to a liquid, liquid to gas, or vice versa, at a specific temperature and under given pressure conditions. This change is spontaneous and is affected by alterations in temperature and pressure. These parameters impact the strength of the forces between molecules (intermolecular forces) in the substance.During a phase transition, both the initial and final phases of the substance...
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Liquid–Solid Solutions01:29

Liquid–Solid Solutions

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The process of a solid dissolving in a liquid to form a solution is governed by the solubility limit, which is the maximum amount of the solid substance, or solute, that can be dissolved in a specific volume of the liquid or solvent. As the solute dissolves, it reaches a point where no more solute can be dissolved at a given temperature - this is known as the saturation point. However, if further solute is added and it manages to dissolve, the solution becomes supersaturated. Supersaturated...
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The Colloidal State01:29

The Colloidal State

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The formation of a colloidal system is exemplified by an aqueous solution containing Cl− ions is introduced to another containing Ag+ ions, resulting in the precipitation of solid AgCl as extremely tiny crystals. Instead of settling out as a filterable precipitate, these crystals remain suspended in the liquid, showcasing a colloidal system.A colloidal system involves colloidal particles within the approximate range of 1 to 1000 nm in at least one dimension, dispersed in a medium called...
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Plasmonic Response to Liquid-Solid Phase Transition in Individual Gallium Nanoparticles.

Michal Horák1, Michael Foltýn1, Vojtěch Čalkovský1,2

  • 1Central European Institute of Technology, Brno University of Technology, Purkyňova 123, Brno 612 00, Czech Republic.

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Gallium nanoparticles

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Area of Science:

  • Plasmonics
  • Nanomaterials
  • Physical Chemistry

Background:

  • Gallium nanoparticles exhibit tunable plasmonic properties across the UV-Vis-NIR spectrum.
  • Gallium's unique phase-changing behavior presents opportunities for novel applications.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate the impact of the liquid-to-solid phase transition on gallium nanoparticle plasmonics.
  • To analyze plasmonic property changes at the single-particle level using advanced microscopy.

Main Methods:

  • Analytical transmission electron microscopy (TEM) was employed.
  • Single gallium nanoparticles were studied across a range of cryogenic temperatures.

Main Results:

  • Observed liquid-to-β-gallium phase transition with freezing point at -135 °C and melting point at -20 °C.
  • Localized surface plasmon resonance (LSPR) tuning via size was confirmed from UV to visible.
  • Minor differences in LSPR energies were found between liquid and solid gallium nanoparticles.

Conclusions:

  • Gallium nanoparticle performance in temperature-dependent plasmonic studies is unaffected by phase change.
  • Findings support the use of gallium nanoparticles for suppressing nonradiative recombination in cryogenic surface-enhanced Raman spectroscopy (SERS).