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Related Concept Videos

Olfactory Receptors: Location and Structure01:03

Olfactory Receptors: Location and Structure

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The process of olfaction, also known as the sense of smell, is a sophisticated chemical response system. The specialized sensory neurons that facilitate this process, known as olfactory receptor neurons, are situated in an upper segment of the nasal cavity, known as the olfactory epithelium. Olfactory sensory neurons are bipolar, with their dendrites extending from the epithelium's apex into the mucus that lines the nasal cavity. Airborne molecules, when inhaled, traverse the olfactory...
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Physiology of Smell and Olfactory Pathway01:20

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Humans detect odors with the help of specialized cells located in the upper part of the nasal cavity, called olfactory receptor neurons (ORNs). ORNs possess hair-like structures called cilia, which are receptive to sensations from the inhaled air. When an odorant molecule binds to a specific receptor on the cell of the cilia, it leads to a series of events that ultimately cause the ORN to send electrical signals to the olfactory bulb in the brain through the olfactory nerves.
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Olfaction01:25

Olfaction

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The sense of smell is achieved through the activities of the olfactory system. It starts when an airborne odorant enters the nasal cavity and reaches olfactory epithelium (OE). The OE is protected by a thin layer of mucus, which also serves the purpose of dissolving more complex compounds into simpler chemical odorants. The size of the OE and the density of sensory neurons varies among species; in humans, the OE is only about 9-10 cm2.
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Sep 10, 2025

Author Spotlight: Exploring Olfactory Influences on Corticospinal Excitability - Insights and Innovations in Neurological Research
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Modulating salience network connectivity through olfactory nerve stimulation.

Carina Heller1,2,3,4,5,6, Maria Geisler7, Nicolas L Mayer8

  • 1Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Jena University Hospital, Jena, Germany. carina.heller@uni-jena.de.

Translational Psychiatry
|August 21, 2025
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Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Electrical stimulation of the olfactory mucosa may help depression by altering brain connectivity. This novel approach, targeting the salience network and default mode network, shows promise for future therapies.

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Area of Science:

  • Neuroscience
  • Psychiatry
  • Brain Connectivity

Background:

  • Depression is linked to altered functional connectivity in the brain's salience network (SN) and default mode network (DMN).
  • Modifying these neural patterns in depression is clinically challenging.
  • Olfactory pathways offer a direct route to the SN, suggesting potential for targeted neuromodulation.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate the effects of olfactory nerve stimulation on brain connectivity.
  • To explore if olfactory stimulation can modulate the salience network and its interactions with the default mode network.

Main Methods:

  • A randomized, blinded, within-subject design was used.
  • 45 healthy participants underwent olfactory or trigeminal nerve stimulation.
  • Resting-state functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) was employed to assess brain connectivity.

Main Results:

  • Olfactory stimulation significantly increased functional connectivity between the SN and the piriform cortex (olfactory region).
  • This stimulation enhanced connectivity within the SN.
  • Connectivity between the SN and the DMN was weakened by olfactory stimulation.

Conclusions:

  • Olfactory stimulation demonstrates potential to modulate brain connectivity patterns relevant to depression.
  • This suggests a novel, minimally invasive therapeutic strategy for mood disorders.
  • Further research is needed to confirm efficacy in individuals diagnosed with depression.