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Updated: Sep 10, 2025

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Interferons in health and disease.

Daniel Boehmer1, Ivan Zanoni2

  • 1Harvard Medical School and Boston Children's Hospital, Division of Immunology, Division of Gastroenterology, Boston, MA 02115, USA; Department of Medicine II, University Hospital, LMU Munich, 81377 Munich, Germany.

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PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Interferons (IFNs) are crucial signaling proteins with dual roles in health and disease. Maintaining balanced IFN production is vital for protection against infections, while imbalance can trigger inflammatory and autoimmune conditions.

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Area of Science:

  • Immunology
  • Molecular Biology
  • Cellular Biology

Background:

  • Interferons (IFNs) are critical signaling proteins involved in immune responses.
  • Different types of IFNs (I, II, III) signal through Janus kinase pathways.
  • IFNs exhibit dual roles, offering protection against pathogens but also contributing to autoimmune diseases.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review the mechanisms of IFN induction and response.
  • To highlight the roles of IFNs in infections, cancer, and immune-mediated diseases.
  • To emphasize the importance of balanced IFN production, particularly in mucosal tissues.

Main Methods:

  • Literature review of cellular and molecular mechanisms.
  • Analysis of IFN roles in various disease contexts.
  • Focus on temporal dynamics of IFN signaling.

Main Results:

  • IFNs are essential for combating bacterial, viral, and fungal infections.
  • Dysregulated IFN responses are implicated in inflammatory, autoimmune, and genetic diseases.
  • Mucosal tissues are significant sites for IFN activity and dysregulation.

Conclusions:

  • Balanced IFN family production over time is necessary for protective immunity.
  • Loss of this balance leads to detrimental consequences, including autoimmune diseases.
  • Understanding IFN dynamics is key to developing effective therapeutic strategies.