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Related Concept Videos

Adrenergic Agonists: Chemistry and Structure-Activity Relationship01:16

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Adrenergic agonists' structure-activity relationship (SAR) determines their selectivity and efficacy. These agonists comprise a phenylethylamine moiety with an aromatic ring and an ethylamine side chain.
Aromatic ring substitutions: Substituting the aromatic ring with –OH groups at positions 3 and 4 yields catecholamines (e.g., epinephrine), which have a high affinity for adrenoceptors. Hydrogen bonding between –OH groups and receptors enhances adrenergic activity.
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Lysosomes are the site for the degradation of macromolecules and biological polymers released during membrane trafficking events such as secretory, endocytic, autophagic, and phagocytic pathways. The membrane-enclosed area of the lysosome, called the lumen, contains hydrolytic enzymes active in an acidic environment. These acid hydrolases are functional at a pH between 4.5 and 5 and are involved in cellular processes such as cell signaling, energy metabolism, restoration of the plasma membrane,...
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Lysosomes01:31

Lysosomes

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Lysosomes are membrane-enclosed spherical sacs derived from the Golgi apparatus. The most important function of the lysosome is degrading macromolecules and biological polymers that are released during membrane trafficking events such as the secretory, endocytic, autophagic, and phagocytic pathways. The degradation is carried out by several hydrolytic enzymes active in an acidic environment of the lysosomal lumen. These acid hydrolases are involved in cellular processes such as cell signaling,...
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Amides to Amines: LiAlH4 Reduction01:20

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Amide reduction with strong reducing agents like lithium aluminum hydride proceeds through a nucleophilic acyl substitution to form amines. Primary, secondary, and tertiary amides yield primary, secondary, and tertiary amines, respectively.
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Amino acids

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Amino acids are the monomers that comprise proteins. Each amino acid has the same fundamental structure, which consists of a central carbon atom, or the alpha (α) carbon, bonded to an amino group (NH2), a carboxyl group (COOH), and to a hydrogen atom. Every amino acid also has another atom or group of atoms bonded to the central atom known as the R group. There are 20 common amino acids present in proteins, each with a different R group. Variation in the amino acid sequence is responsible...
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The reaction of weakly electrophilic aryldiazonium (also called arenediazonium) salts with highly activated aromatic compounds leads to the formation of products with an —N=N— link, called an azo linkage. This reaction, presented in Figure 1, is known as diazo coupling and occurs without the loss of the nitrogen atoms of the aryldiazonium salt. Highly activated aromatic compounds such as phenols or arylamines favor the diazo coupling reaction. The coupling generally occurs at the...
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Sep 10, 2025

An Efficient Method for the Synthesis of Peptoids with Mixed Lysine-type/Arginine-type Monomers and Evaluation of Their Anti-leishmanial Activity
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Ridaifen derivatives function as potent lysosomotropic agents, depending on their basic side chains.

Yuta Semba1, Kyoka Komukai2, Eri Murata2

  • 1Division of Life Science, School of Science and Engineering, Tokyo Denki University, Ishizaka, Hatoyama, Hiki-gun, Saitama, 350-0394, Japan.

European Journal of Pharmacology
|August 22, 2025
PubMed
Summary

Ridaifen-B (RID-B), a tamoxifen analogue, neutralizes lysosomes, inhibiting autophagy and inducing cancer cell death. This lysosomal dysfunction offers a potential strategy to overcome drug resistance in cancer therapy.

Keywords:
Anti-cancer compoundAutophagyLysosomotropic agentsRidaifen

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Area of Science:

  • Cellular Biology
  • Molecular Oncology
  • Drug Discovery

Background:

  • Autophagy is crucial for cellular homeostasis but its dysregulation can cause resistance to chemotherapy.
  • Ridaifen (RID) compounds, tamoxifen analogues, show potent anticancer activity and modulate autophagy.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate the interaction of RID compounds with autophagy and identify factors contributing to their cytotoxicity.
  • To explore the potential of RID derivatives in overcoming autophagy-related drug resistance in cancer therapy.

Main Methods:

  • Synthesis of RID derivatives with varying basic side chains.
  • Assessment of cell viability (MTT assay), lysosomal pH (flow cytometry), and subcellular distribution (fluorescent dye-conjugated compound).
  • Monitoring of autophagic and apoptotic markers via immunoblotting and confocal imaging.

Main Results:

  • RID-B effectively neutralized lysosomes, inhibiting autophagic flux and leading to proteotoxic stress and apoptosis.
  • Lysosomal dysfunction induced by RID-B initiated apoptotic signaling, as evidenced by reduced apoptosis with bafilomycin A1 co-treatment.
  • A correlation was found between the number of basic side chains, lysosomal neutralization, and cytotoxicity across RID derivatives.

Conclusions:

  • Basic side chains enhance the lysosomotropic behavior of RID derivatives, promoting autophagy inhibition and apoptosis.
  • Lysosomal neutralization is a key mechanism underlying the enhanced cytotoxicity of RID compounds.
  • Modified tamoxifen analogues like RID-B represent a promising strategy to overcome autophagy-related drug resistance in cancer treatment.