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Translational Regulation01:29

Translational Regulation

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Translational regulation in prokaryotes ensures efficient protein synthesis by controlling ribosome access to mRNA. This regulation is mediated by secondary RNA structures, including translational riboswitches, RNA thermometers, and small RNAs (sRNAs), which respond to intracellular and environmental signals to modulate gene expression.Translational RiboswitchesRiboswitches in the leader region of mRNAs can regulate translation by altering the accessibility of the Shine-Dalgarno (SD) sequence,...
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The DNA replication, transcription, and translation processes are intricately coupled in bacteria, allowing efficient gene expression and rapid protein synthesis. While this physical and functional coordination is advantageous, it introduces challenges that bacteria overcome through specific regulatory mechanisms.Coupling of Replication, Transcription, and TranslationThe coupling of replication, transcription, and translation is a hallmark of bacterial gene expression. As the replisome unwinds...
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Bacterial protein maturation is a tightly regulated process that ensures newly synthesized polypeptides achieve correct functional conformations. This maturation involves a series of modifications, folding events, and quality control steps, often assisted by specialized chaperone proteins.N-Terminal ModificationsThe maturation of bacterial polypeptides begins cotranslationally as the polypeptide exits the ribosome. The first amino acid, N-formylmethionine (fMet), is typically modified at the...
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Global regulatory systems in bacteria enable rapid and coordinated responses to environmental changes by integrating sensory inputs with gene expression, ensuring efficient adaptation to fluctuating conditions. Key global regulatory mechanisms include regulons, two-component systems, sigma factors, and secondary messengers.Regulons and Global RegulatorsA regulon is a collection of genes and operons controlled by a common global regulator. These regulators enable bacteria to prioritize resource...
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Other Stress Responses in Bacteria01:30

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Bacteria have global regulatory systems that control several types of stress mechanisms. These include Pho regulon and the heat shock response, which are essential systems for environmental adaptation, such as nutrient limitation and proteotoxic stress. The Pho regulon and the heat shock response exemplify bacterial resilience, enabling rapid adaptation to fluctuating environmental conditions.Pho RegulonBacteria require phosphorus for essential cellular processes, including nucleic acid...
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Bacterial growth is closely tied to nutrient availability, with cells proliferating exponentially under favorable conditions and entering a stationary phase when resources become scarce. This transition is mediated by a regulatory mechanism known as the stringent response, which allows bacteria to adapt to nutrient deprivation by modulating gene expression and metabolic activity.During nutrient scarcity, intracellular amino acid levels decline. It results in the accumulation of uncharged tRNAs...
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Orthogonal post-translational modifications by bacterial effectors.

Jiaqi Fu1, Zhao-Qing Luo1, Jiazhang Qiu2

  • 1Department of Respiratory Medicine, Center of Pathogen Biology and Infectious Diseases, Key Laboratory of Organ Regeneration and Transplantation of The Ministry of Education, State Key Laboratory for Diagnosis and Treatment of Severe Zoonotic Infectious Diseases, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun 130021, China.

Trends in Microbiology
|August 24, 2025
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Pathogenic bacteria use novel protein modifications, distinct from human ones, to disrupt host cell signaling and create replication environments. These orthogonal post-translational modifications (oPTMs) offer new insights into bacterial infection mechanisms.

Keywords:
ADP-riboxanationbacterial effector proteinsphosphoribosyl-linked serine ubiquitinationthreonine ADP-ribosylation

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Area of Science:

  • Microbiology
  • Molecular Biology
  • Biochemistry

Background:

  • Protein post-translational modifications (PTMs) regulate host cell signaling pathways.
  • Pathogens often manipulate host signaling for successful infection.
  • Traditionally, pathogens were thought to use host-like biochemical mechanisms.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review the catalytic mechanisms and biological functions of bacterial orthogonal post-translational modifications (oPTMs).
  • To highlight how oPTMs differ from host PTMs.
  • To explain how oPTMs facilitate pathogen replication.

Main Methods:

  • Literature review of recent studies on bacterial oPTMs.
  • Analysis of catalytic mechanisms of oPTMs.
  • Examination of biological roles of oPTMs in infection.

Main Results:

  • Some pathogenic bacteria utilize oPTMs, which are distinct from host PTMs.
  • oPTMs are employed by bacteria to create replication niches.
  • Bacterial virulence factors induce specific oPTMs.

Conclusions:

  • oPTMs represent a novel strategy for pathogens to interfere with host signaling.
  • Understanding oPTMs provides new perspectives on host-pathogen interactions.
  • oPTMs are crucial for bacterial survival and replication within hosts.