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Recent insights on direct democracy: Arguments, drivers, effects and conditions
Caner Şimşek1, João Limão2, Inês Campos2
1Institute of Political Science, University of Münster, Münster, Germany.
Open Research Europe
|August 25, 2025
Summary
Direct democracy, a historical governance form, is re-examined for modern challenges. While it can boost citizen engagement and policy alignment, risks like marginalization and manipulation exist.
Area of Science:
- Political Science
- Democracy Studies
Background:
- Direct democracy has historical roots in Athenian democracy.
- It is increasingly viewed as a response to perceived deficits in modern representative democracy.
- Key goals include enhancing citizen participation and legitimizing political outcomes.
Purpose of the Study:
- To review and synthesize recent literature on direct democracy.
- To identify key themes and ongoing debates in the field.
- To assess the potential benefits and risks associated with direct democracy.
Main Methods:
- Systematic literature review of 46 articles.
- Analysis of research published between 2016 and 2023.
- Thematic mapping of key concepts and arguments.
Main Results:
- Direct democracy shows potential for increased citizen participation and empowerment.
- It can lead to policies more closely reflecting public preferences.
- Significant risks include the potential marginalization of vulnerable populations.
- Susceptibility to manipulation by political elites is a noted concern.
Conclusions:
- Direct democracy offers avenues to strengthen democratic processes but requires careful consideration of its inherent risks.
- Further research is needed to mitigate negative consequences and maximize benefits.
- Balancing direct participation with protection of minority rights is crucial.
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