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Fiber Reinforced Concrete01:22

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Fiber-reinforced concrete significantly enhances the structural and nonstructural properties of traditional concrete by incorporating fibers like steel, glass, and polymers. These fibers, varying from natural ones such as sisal and cellulose to manufactured ones like polypropylene and Kevlar, are mixed into hydraulic cement with aggregates. Steel fibers, often preferred for their robustness, contribute to improved ductility, toughness, and post-cracking performance. The concrete is classified...
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Reinforced PHA/CNC Biocomposites in Extrusion-Based Additive Manufacturing.

Markos Petousis1, Constantine David2, Dimitrios Sagris2

  • 1Department of Mechanical Engineering, Hellenic Mediterranean University, Heraklion 71410, Greece.

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|August 25, 2025
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Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Polyhydroxyalkanoate (PHA) bioplastics were enhanced with cellulose nanocrystals (CNC) for 3D printing. The resulting nanobiocomposites show improved mechanical properties and print quality, offering a sustainable alternative to petroleum polymers.

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Area of Science:

  • Materials Science
  • Polymer Science
  • Biotechnology

Background:

  • Polyhydroxyalkanoate (PHA) is a biodegradable biopolymer suitable for 3D printing.
  • Its mechanical properties are inferior to conventional petroleum-derived polymers, limiting applications.
  • Cellulose nanocrystals (CNC) offer potential for reinforcing biopolymers.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To synthesize and characterize PHA/CNC nanobiocomposites for 3D printing.
  • To evaluate the effect of CNC incorporation on mechanical, rheological, thermal, and structural properties.
  • To determine the optimal CNC concentration for enhanced performance.

Main Methods:

  • Synthesis of PHA/CNC nanobiocomposites with varying CNC concentrations (0.5-2.5 wt %).
  • Filament extrusion and 3D printing of nanobiocomposite samples.
  • Mechanical, rheological, thermal, and structural analyses (including micro-CT).

Main Results:

  • Incorporation of CNC significantly improved flexural strength (+23.3%), flexural modulus (+20.8%), and Young's modulus (+47.3%).
  • Homogeneous CNC dispersion was confirmed; thermal and rheological properties remained largely unchanged.
  • Optimal performance was achieved at 0.5 wt % CNC, enhancing mechanical properties and 3D print quality (porosity, geometric accuracy).

Conclusions:

  • PHA/CNC nanobiocomposites represent a promising class of high-performance biodegradable materials for 3D printing.
  • These materials offer a sustainable alternative to petroleum polymers in biomedical, packaging, and structural applications.
  • Additive manufacturing of these nanobiocomposites can reduce environmental impact.