Application of artificial intelligence in medical imaging for tumor diagnosis and treatment: a comprehensive approach

This narrative review provides a comprehensive and structured overview of recent advances in the application of artificial intelligence (AI) to medical imaging for tumor diagnosis and treatment. By synthesizing evidence from recent literature and clinical reports, we highlight the capabilities, limitations, and translational potential of AI techniques across key imaging modalities such as CT, MRI, and PET. Deep learning (DL) and radiomics have facilitated automated lesion detection, tumour segmentation, and prognostic assessments, improving early cancer detection across various malignancies, including breast, lung, and prostate cancers. AI-driven multi-modal imaging fusion integrates radiomics, genomics, and clinical data, refining precision oncology strategies. Additionally, AI-assisted radiotherapy planning and adaptive dose optimisation have enhanced therapeutic efficacy while minimising toxicity. However, challenges persist regarding data heterogeneity, model generalisability, regulatory constraints, and ethical concerns. The lack of standardised datasets and explainable AI (XAI) frameworks hinders clinical adoption. Future research should focus on improving AI interpretability, fostering multi-centre dataset interoperability, and integrating AI with molecular imaging and real-time clinical decision support. Addressing these challenges will ensure AI's seamless integration into clinical oncology, optimising cancer diagnosis, prognosis, and treatment outcomes.