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Related Concept Videos

Carbon-dioxide Fixation01:28

Carbon-dioxide Fixation

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Carbon dioxide fixation in prokaryotes enables the assimilation of inorganic carbon into organic molecules, supporting biosynthetic pathways, sustaining ecosystems, and contributing to the global carbon cycle. It also has industrial applications in carbon capture and bioproduct synthesis. Autotrophic organisms rely on this process to utilize CO₂ as a carbon source in diverse environments.The Calvin CycleThe Calvin cycle is the most widespread carbon fixation mechanism, primarily used by...
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Ribulose 1,5- bisphosphate carboxylase/oxygenase (RuBisCo) is a critical enzyme that catalyzes carbon dioxide assimilation during photosynthesis. However, it is an inefficient enzyme, having an extremely slow catalytic rate. A typical enzyme can process about a thousand molecules per second; however, RuBisCo fixes only around three-carbon dioxides per second. Photosynthetic cells compensate for this slow rate by synthesizing very high amounts of RuBisCo, making it the most abundant single...
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OverviewOxygenic photosynthesis plays a central role in the global carbon and oxygen cycles. The carbohydrates produced support nearly all food webs, while the oxygen by‑product enables aerobic life.Light‑dependent and light‑independent reactionsPhotosynthesis occurs in two main stages, each in a different part of the chloroplast: light‑dependent reactions and light‑independent reactions, also called the Calvin‑Benson cycle or simply the Calvin...
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Most plants use the C3 pathway for carbon fixation. However, some plants, such as sugar cane, corn, and cacti that grow in hot conditions, use alternative pathways to fix carbon and conserve energy loss due to photorespiration. Photorespiration is the process that occurs when the oxygen concentration is high. Under such conditions, the rubisco enzyme in the Calvin cycle binds O2 instead of CO2, which halts photosynthesis and consumes energy.
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In aerobic organisms, the citric acid cycle is the second stage of cellular respiration wherein molecules derived from the breakdown of carbohydrates, proteins, and fats are oxidized into carbon dioxide and energy. This process is also known as the tricarboxylic acid (TCA) cycle as the first product of the cycle, citric acid, contains three carboxyl groups in its structure. Alternatively, this cycle is also referred to as the Krebs cycle, in honor of its discoverer Sir Hans Krebs.
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Updated: Sep 10, 2025

Versatile CO2 Transformations into Complex Products: A One-pot Two-step Strategy
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Multistep catalytic abiotic CO2 conversion to sugars through C1 intermediates.

Nathan Soland1, Jie Luo1, Arifin Luthfi Maulana2

  • 1Department of Chemistry, University of California Berkeley, Berkeley, CA 94720.

Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America
|August 26, 2025
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Researchers developed a new method for converting carbon dioxide (CO2) into valuable multicarbon (Cn) products like sugars. This sustainable approach uses sequential catalysis for efficient carbon capture and utilization.

Keywords:
CO2 conversionelectrocatalysisphotocatalysissugar synthesis

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Area of Science:

  • Sustainable Chemistry
  • Catalysis
  • Carbon Capture and Utilization

Background:

  • Carbon dioxide (CO2) upgrading is crucial for sustainable chemical production and emission reduction.
  • Efficient conversion of CO2 into valuable multicarbon (Cn) products remains a significant research challenge.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To develop a flexible, modular roadmap for CO2 conversion into sugar precursors.
  • To utilize sequential electro-, photo-, and organocatalysis for efficient CO2 valorization.

Main Methods:

  • Electrochemical reduction of CO2 to methanol in a flow cell.
  • Discontinuous photooxidation of methanol to formaldehyde (PMOR) with high selectivity.
  • Organocatalysis using N-heterocyclic carbene for tunable aldose generation.

Main Results:

  • Achieved 60-80% carbon conversion yield for pentose, tetrose, and triose mixtures.
  • Generated C4-C6 aldoses with high selectivity and minimal byproducts.
  • Demonstrated over 20% yield for hexose production.

Conclusions:

  • The proposed roadmap offers a viable strategy for CO2 valorization.
  • This approach bridges carbon waste streams with sustainable sugar synthesis.
  • Opens new avenues for green chemical production and artificial food synthesis.