Application of green nanoparticles in dental materials: A scoping review

Green nanoparticles (NPs) are a key research area in dental materials. Numerous studies have investigated green NPs in dental applications because they are cost-effective and eco-friendly. This scoping review examines recent advancements in the application of green NPs in various dental materials.

The scoping review followed the PRISMA extension for Scoping Reviews (PRISMA-ScR) guidelines. Studies published up to April 20, 2025 were identified by a systematic search of five databases (PubMed, Scopus, Web of Science, Embase, and Ovid). Articles published in English that were peer-reviewed in vitro and in vivo studies investigating the application of green NPs in dental materials were selected. The extracted data included the types of NPs, characterization assays, dental material applications, and key performance outcomes.

Thirty-six articles were included, 34 in vitro and 2 in vivo. The studies evaluated green NPs utilized in dental implants and adhesives, glass ionomer cement (GIC), hybrid dental composites, mineral trioxide aggregates, calcium hydroxide liners, pulp capping agents, varnishes, and tissue conditioners. The results indicated that silver (AgNPs), titanium dioxide (TiO₂NPs), and zirconium (ZrNPs) green NPs improved both antibacterial properties and mechanical performance of the assessed dental materials, and enhanced biological, mechanical and physical properties of these materials.

Although green NPs have desirable biological outcomes, the mechanical and physical outcomes depend on the type of dental material and specific characterization test. Fine-tuning their characteristics and selecting the appropriate type of NP to achieve the desired properties in dental materials is of utmost importance.