Gut-Brain Axis: Understanding the Interlink Between Alterations in the Gut Microbiota and Autism Spectrum Disorder

Autism spectrum disorder (ASD) is an umbrella term used for a complex neurobehavioral disorder. ASD is a multifactorial condition, with significant roles played by environmental, immunological, and genetic factors. The microbiota-gut-brain axis has been implicated in the pathophysiology of ASD in recent years. This review article aims to explore the correlation between gut dysbiosis and autism, and its potential impact on management strategies. Gastrointestinal (GI) symptoms, including diarrhea, constipation, and bloating, are prevalent among children with ASD. These disorders are commonly linked to increased behavioral symptoms, such as social disengagement, anxiety, and irritability. Increased gut permeability, attributable to gut dysbiosis, plays a significant role in disrupting the gut-brain axis, which is coordinated by neurological, immunological, and endocrinological routes. Elevated levels of inflammatory cytokines, changes in the generation of neurotransmitters, and disturbances in gut-derived metabolites are all considered direct consequences of dysbiosis. Treatment options, including probiotics, prebiotics, fecal microbiota transplantation (FMT), and dietary changes, have shown promising results. However, the effectiveness and long-term safety of these therapies are still being studied. It is imperative to explore this perplexing interaction through further research to encourage clinicians to adopt therapeutic approaches targeting the gut microbiota in patients with ASD.