From Senses to Memory During Childhood: A Systematic Review and Bayesian Meta-Analysis Exploring Multisensory...

Multisensory processing has long been recognized to enhance perception, cognition, and actions in adults. However, there is currently limited understanding of how multisensory stimuli, in comparison to unisensory stimuli, contribute to the development of both motor and verbally assessed working memory (WM) in children. Thus, the current study aimed to systematically review and meta-analyze the associations between the multisensory processing of auditory and visual stimuli, and performance on simple and more complex WM tasks, in children from birth to 15 years old. We also aimed to determine whether there are differences in WM capacity for audiovisual compared to unisensory auditory or visual stimuli alone after receptive and spoken language develop. Following PRISMA guidelines, a systematic search of PsycINFO, MEDLINE, Embase, PubMed, CINAHL and Web of Science databases identified that 21 out of 3968 articles met the inclusion criteria for Bayesian meta-analysis and the AXIS risk of bias criteria. The results showed at least extreme/decisive evidence for associations between verbal and motor reaction times on multisensory tasks and a variety of visual and auditory WM tasks, with verbal multisensory stimuli contributing more to verbally assessed WM capacity than unisensory auditory or visual stimuli alone. Furthermore, a meta-regression confirmed that age significantly moderates the observed association between multisensory processing and both visual and auditory WM tasks, indicating that verbal- and motor-assessed multisensory processing contribute differentially to WM performance, and to different age-determined extents. These findings have important implications for school-based learning methods and other educational activities where the implementation of multisensory stimuli is likely to enhance outcomes.