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Related Concept Videos

Nociception01:44

Nociception

Nociception—the ability to feel pain—is essential for an organism’s survival and overall well-being. Noxious stimuli such as piercing pain from a sharp object, heat from an open flame, or contact with corrosive chemicals are first detected by sensory receptors, called nociceptors, located on nerve endings. Nociceptors express ion channels that convert noxious stimuli into electrical signals. When these signals reach the brain via sensory neurons, they are perceived as pain. Thus, pain helps the...
Directly Acting Muscle Relaxants: Dantrolene and Botulinum Toxin01:26

Directly Acting Muscle Relaxants: Dantrolene and Botulinum Toxin

Directly acting muscle relaxants like dantrolene and botulinum toxin (BoNT) have distinct mechanisms and applications. Dantrolene, a hydantoin derivative, acts on the ryanodine receptor (RYR1) in skeletal muscle cells. RYR1 are calcium channels present at the sarcoplasmic reticulum membrane. In response to excitation, they release calcium ions from the sarcoplasmic reticulum to the cytosol. Calcium promotes actin-myosin-mediated contraction of muscles.
The binding of dantrolene to the RYR1...
Skeletal Muscle Relaxants: Therapeutic Uses01:31

Skeletal Muscle Relaxants: Therapeutic Uses

Skeletal muscle relaxants are used to relax muscle tone and alleviate painful muscle contractions. However, the choice of skeletal muscle relaxants depends on the duration of the surgical procedure in order to minimize potential side effects. Skeletal muscle relaxants like neuromuscular blocking agents [NMBAs] are commonly employed as adjuvants alongside general anesthetics in clinical settings. NMBAs are also used to maintain controlled ventilation during surgery of the larynx or pharynx as...
Analgesia and Pain Management01:25

Analgesia and Pain Management

Pain is critical to various clinical pathologies, provoking an urgent need for effective management. Pain, whether acute or chronic, is a complex neurochemical process. Its alleviation depends on the type, with nonopioid analgesics effective for mild to moderate pain, such as musculoskeletal or inflammatory pain, while neuropathic pain responds best to anticonvulsants, tricyclic antidepressants, or serotonin/norepinephrine reuptake inhibitors. For severe acute or chronic pain, opioids may be...
Opioid Analgesics: Synthetic and Semisynthetic Opioids01:15

Opioid Analgesics: Synthetic and Semisynthetic Opioids

Synthetic and semisynthetic opioids are pivotal in pain management and tackling opioid addiction. Semisynthetic opioids, including morphinans (morphine derivatives), oxycodone, oxymorphone, hydrocodone, and hydromorphone, have improved pharmacokinetic profiles compared to morphine. Additionally, heroin and 6-MAM (6-Monoacetylmorphine) show better CNS penetration than morphine due to heightened lipid solubility. Hydromorphone, a potent opioid, undergoes hepatic metabolism to form the active...
Pharmaceutical Poisoning: Treatment Strategies01:26

Pharmaceutical Poisoning: Treatment Strategies

Treatment strategies for poisoning are a critical aspect of emergency medicine, focusing on preventing the absorption of toxins and enhancing their elimination. When a poisoning incident occurs, the first response is to halt exposure and decontaminate the patient, particularly through gastrointestinal (GI) methods if the poison was ingested.Gastrointestinal Decontamination Techniques:Activated charcoal is the cornerstone of GI decontamination. It works through adsorption, binding the toxin to...

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Related Experiment Video

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Meal Duration as a Measure of Orofacial Nociceptive Responses in Rodents
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Botulinum Toxin-A, Generating a Hypothesis for Orofacial Pain Therapy.

Yair Sharav1, Rafael Benoliel2, Yaron Haviv1

  • 1Department of Oral Medicine, Sedation and Imaging, Hadassah Medical Center, Faculty of Dental Medicine, Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem 91120, Israel.

Toxins
|August 27, 2025
PubMed
Summary

Botulinum toxin type A (BoNT-A) offers a safe and sustained treatment for various orofacial pain conditions, including neuropathic, myofascial, and neurovascular types. This offers an alternative to daily medications for chronic pain management.

Keywords:
BoNT-Abotulinum toxinmigraineneuromodulationneuropathic painone-time pain prophylaxisorofacial paintemporomandibular disordertrigeminal neuralgia

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Area of Science:

  • Neurology
  • Pain Medicine
  • Pharmacology

Background:

  • Orofacial pain presents diverse conditions, including musculoskeletal, neuropathic, and neurovascular disorders.
  • Conventional prophylactic pharmacotherapy often fails to treat a significant subset of refractory orofacial pain patients.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To explore the analgesic properties and neuromodulatory mechanisms of Botulinum toxin type A (BoNT-A) for orofacial pain.
  • To propose a hypothesis for the segmental therapeutic action of BoNT-A across various orofacial pain disorders.
  • To discuss the advantages of BoNT-A for chronic pain prophylaxis compared to daily medications.

Main Methods:

  • Review of existing literature on Botulinum toxin type A (BoNT-A) in treating orofacial pain.
  • Analysis of BoNT-A's efficacy in neuropathic, myofascial, and neurovascular orofacial pain conditions.
  • Exploration of the neuromodulatory mechanisms underlying BoNT-A's therapeutic effects.

Main Results:

  • Botulinum toxin type A (BoNT-A) demonstrates growing efficacy across a spectrum of orofacial pain disorders.
  • BoNT-A provides a safe, sustained analgesic effect after a single application, contrasting with daily pharmacotherapy.
  • The study outlines the potential for BoNT-A in managing chronic orofacial pain refractory to conventional treatments.

Conclusions:

  • Botulinum toxin type A (BoNT-A) is a promising therapeutic agent for diverse orofacial pain conditions.
  • Understanding BoNT-A's neuromodulatory actions supports its application in chronic orofacial pain management.
  • BoNT-A offers a safe and effective alternative for patients with refractory orofacial pain, reducing the need for daily medication.