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Evaluations and consequences of assertive behavior.

L J Zollo, R G Heimberg, R E Becker

    Journal of Behavior Therapy and Experimental Psychiatry
    |December 1, 1985
    PubMed
    Summary
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    Empathic-assertive behavior is perceived more positively than assertive behavior, leading to better social and personal outcomes. However, both assertive styles may negatively impact long-term relationships compared to nonassertive responses.

    Area of Science:

    • Psychology
    • Social Psychology
    • Communication Studies

    Background:

    • Assertiveness training is crucial for effective interpersonal interactions.
    • Understanding the nuances of assertive, empathic-assertive, and nonassertive behaviors is key.
    • Previous research has explored assertiveness but often overlooks the impact of empathy.

    Purpose of the Study:

    • To compare the reception and perceived consequences of assertive, empathic-assertive, and nonassertive behaviors.
    • To investigate how individual differences (sex, assertiveness) and situational factors (requestor's sex) influence behavioral evaluations.
    • To provide insights for improving assertiveness training programs.

    Main Methods:

    • Subjects rated videotaped actors displaying assertive, empathic-assertive, and nonassertive responses to unreasonable requests.

    Related Experiment Videos

  • Evaluative ratings focused on competence, likeability, and expected social, personal, and long-term consequences.
  • Data analysis considered subject sex, subject assertiveness, requestor sex, and actor sex.

    • Main Results:

    • Empathic-assertive behavior received higher ratings for competence and likeability than assertive behavior.
    • Positive social and personal consequences were anticipated more for empathic assertion.
    • Both assertive and empathic-assertive behaviors were linked to more negative long-term relationship consequences than nonassertive behavior.
    • Subject and requestor characteristics moderated these effects, but actor sex did not.

    Conclusions:

    • Empathic assertion offers a more favorable approach in immediate social interactions compared to pure assertion.
    • While beneficial in the short term, assertive strategies may pose risks to long-term relationship dynamics.
    • Findings underscore the importance of incorporating empathy into assertiveness training for enhanced interpersonal effectiveness.