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Related Concept Videos

Preparation of Carboxylic Acids: Hydrolysis of Nitriles01:19

Preparation of Carboxylic Acids: Hydrolysis of Nitriles

4.7K
Nitriles (R–CN) can be converted into carboxylic acids (R–COOH) upon treatment with aqueous acids, i.e., upon hydrolysis of nitriles. Under base-catalyzed conditions, carboxylate anions (R–COO−) are formed.
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Structures of Carboxylic Acid Derivatives01:28

Structures of Carboxylic Acid Derivatives

2.9K
Structure of Carboxylic Acid Derivatives
Carboxylic acid derivatives contain an acyl group attached to a heteroatom such as chlorine, oxygen, or nitrogen. The carbonyl carbon and oxygen are both sp2-hybridized with an unhybridized p orbital.
The three sp2 orbitals of the carbonyl carbon form three σ bonds, one each with the carbonyl oxygen, the α carbon, and the heteroatom, whereas the other two sp2 orbitals of the carbonyl oxygen are occupied by the lone pairs. Further, the...
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Diazonium Group Substitution: –OH and –H01:19

Diazonium Group Substitution: –OH and –H

2.9K
Nitrous acid, a weak acid, is prepared in situ via the reaction of sodium nitrite with a strong acid under cold conditions. This nitrous acid prepared in situ reacts with primary arylamines to form arenediazonium salts. Such reactions are known as diazotization reactions. As shown in Figure 1, the formation of arenediazonium salts begins with the decomposition of nitrous acid in an acidic solution to give nitrosonium ions.
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Nitriles to Carboxylic Acids: Hydrolysis01:08

Nitriles to Carboxylic Acids: Hydrolysis

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Nitriles undergo acid-catalyzed hydrolysis or base-catalyzed hydrolysis to form a carboxylic acid. These reactions proceed via an amide intermediate.
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1° Amines to Diazonium or Aryldiazonium Salts: Diazotization with NaNO2 Overview01:26

1° Amines to Diazonium or Aryldiazonium Salts: Diazotization with NaNO2 Overview

3.5K
Nitrous acid and nitric acids are two types of acids containing nitrogen, among which nitrous acid is weaker than nitric acid. Nitrous acid with a pKa value of 3.37 ionizes in water to give a nitrite ion and the hydronium ion.
The nitrous acid is unstable. Hence, it is formed in situ from a solution of sodium nitrite and cold aqueous acids such as hydrochloric or sulfuric acid. In an acidic solution, the –OH group of nitrous acid undergoes protonation to give oxonium ion, followed by...
3.5K
Preparation of Nitriles01:12

Preparation of Nitriles

2.2K
One of the common methods to prepare nitriles is the dehydration of amides. This method requires strong dehydrating agents like phosphorous pentoxide or boiling acetic anhydride for converting amides to nitriles. Another reagent namely, thionyl chloride also accomplishes the dehydration of amides, where amide acts as a nucleophile. The first step of the mechanism involves the nucleophilic attack by the amide on the thionyl chloride to form an intermediate. In the next step, the electron pairs...
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Progress on 3-Nitropropionic Acid Derivatives.

Meng-Lin Feng1, Zheng-Hui Li1,2, Bao-Bao Shi1,2

  • 1School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, South-Central Minzu University, Wuhan 430074, China.

Biomolecules
|August 28, 2025
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

3-Nitropropionic acid (3-NPA) is a neurotoxin that models Huntington's disease and oxidative stress. Its derivatives show diverse biological activities, offering potential therapeutic applications.

Keywords:
3-Nitropropionic acid derivativesantiviral activitynatural productsneurotoxicitypharmacological activity

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Area of Science:

  • Biochemistry
  • Neuroscience
  • Pharmacology

Background:

  • 3-Nitropropionic acid (3-NPA) is a neurotoxic nitroalkane found in fungi and plants.
  • It acts as a succinate antimetabolite, inhibiting succinate dehydrogenase and disrupting mitochondrial oxidative phosphorylation.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To systematically review the structural characteristics, biological activities, and synthesis of 3-NPA derivatives.
  • To provide insights for future research and therapeutic applications of 3-NPA derivatives.

Main Methods:

  • Systematic literature review.
  • Analysis of structural characteristics, biological activities, and chemical synthesis of 3-NPA derivatives.

Main Results:

  • 3-NPA is a valuable tool for modeling neurodegenerative conditions like Huntington's disease and studying oxidative stress.
  • Esterified 3-NPA derivatives exhibit a broad spectrum of biological activities, including neurotoxic, antiviral, insecticidal, antimicrobial, and antioxidant properties.

Conclusions:

  • 3-NPA derivatives possess significant potential for therapeutic development due to their diverse biological activities.
  • Further research into the structure-activity relationships and synthesis of 3-NPA derivatives is warranted.