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Brain Imaging01:14

Brain Imaging

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Brain imaging technologies provide critical insights into both the structure and function of the human brain, enabling medical professionals and researchers to diagnose, study, and treat neurological disorders or psychiatric disorders more effectively.
These technologies include computerized axial tomography (CAT or CT scans), positron-emission tomography (PET scans),  magnetic resonance imaging (MRI),  functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI), and Transcranial Magnetic...
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Focused Modulation of Brain Activity: A Narrative Review.

Aisha Zhantleuova1, Altynay Karimova1, Anna P Andreou2,3

  • 1Department of Biophysics, Biomedicine and Neuroscience, Al-Farabi Kazakh National University, Almaty A15E3C7, Kazakhstan.

Biomedicines
|August 28, 2025
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

This review compares neuromodulation techniques for brain disorders. Understanding molecular targets is crucial for improving precision and therapeutic potential of these brain stimulation methods.

Keywords:
chemogeneticsdeep brain stimulationfocused ultrasound stimulationmagnetogeneticsneuromodulationoptogeneticstoxinstranscranial electrical stimulationtranscranial magnetic stimulation

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Area of Science:

  • Neuroscience
  • Biotechnology
  • Medical Devices

Background:

  • Dysfunctional brain activity is targeted by various neuromodulation strategies.
  • Current methods include biophysical, genetic, and biological approaches.
  • Each technique presents unique advantages and limitations regarding specificity, safety, and mechanistic understanding.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To provide a comparative analysis of different neuromodulation strategies.
  • To emphasize molecular targets and translational potential.
  • To highlight the gap in mechanistic understanding for improved therapeutic precision.

Main Methods:

  • Narrative review of preclinical and clinical studies.
  • Comparative analysis of deep brain stimulation, transcranial electrical and magnetic stimulation, focused ultrasound, chemogenetics, optogenetics, magnetogenetics, and toxin-based neuromodulation.
  • Assessment based on specificity, safety, reversibility, and mechanistic clarity.

Main Results:

  • Biophysical methods lack defined molecular targets, limiting mechanistic clarity.
  • Genetic tools offer cell-type precision but face delivery and safety challenges for translation.
  • Biological agents like botulinum neurotoxins are effective but invasive.

Conclusions:

  • A critical gap exists in understanding the molecular mechanisms of neuromodulation.
  • Identifying molecular targets is key to enhancing therapeutic precision.
  • Combining approaches may overcome individual limitations and improve efficacy.