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Related Concept Videos

Fractures: Bone Repair01:27

Fractures: Bone Repair

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Treatment for a fracture is based on the type of break, the bone affected, and the patient's age.
Minor fractures with no bone displacement are treated by immobilizing the fractured bone using a cast or splint. However, in the case of fractures with displaced bones, the broken bones are repositioned before immobilization to ensure successful healing without deformation and loss of function. The realignment of fractured bone ends is performed through a process called reduction. If the...
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Bone Remodeling01:40

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Bone remodeling is a continuous and balanced process of bone resorption by osteoclasts and bone formation by osteoblasts. In adults, it helps maintain bone mass and calcium homeostasis. While mechanical stress can stimulate turnover as part of the normal maintenance and reparative process, several hormones also regulate bone remodeling.
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Chemotherapy-Induced Nausea and Vomiting: Cannabinoids01:21

Chemotherapy-Induced Nausea and Vomiting: Cannabinoids

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Tetrahydrocannabinol (THC) is a phytocannabinoid that primarily interacts with the CB1 receptor, a type of G protein-coupled receptor (GPCR) predominantly in and around the chemoreceptor trigger zone (CTZ) and emetic center. THC also blocks the serotonin receptor activity in the dorsal vagal complex (DVC) by inhibiting serotonin release. THC exerts its anti-emetic effects through these interactions, which are beneficial for patients undergoing chemotherapy.
Two synthetic agonists of THC,...
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Osteoclasts in Bone Remodeling01:31

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Osteoclasts are cells responsible for bone resorption and remodeling. They originate from hematopoietic progenitor cells present in the bone marrow. Numerous progenitor cells fuse to form multinucleated cells, each with 10-20 nuclei. A single osteoclast has a diameter of 150 to 200 µM. These cells have ruffled borders that break down the underlying bone tissue and release minerals such as calcium into the blood in bone resorption. Osteoclasts cling to bones with their ruffled edges during...
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Essential Minerals for Bone Health01:31

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The minerals contained in all of the food we consume are essential for our organ systems. However, certain essential minerals, such as calcium, phosphorus, magnesium, manganese, and fluoride, largely affect bone health.
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Calcium is a critical component of bones, especially in the form of calcium phosphate and calcium carbonate. Since the body cannot make calcium, it must be obtained from the diet. However, calcium cannot be absorbed from the small intestine without...
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Hormones and Bone Tissue01:17

Hormones and Bone Tissue

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The endocrine system produces and secretes hormones, which interact with the skeletal system. These hormones control bone growth, maintain bone once it is formed, and remodel it.
Hormones That Influence Osteoblasts and/or Maintain the Matrix
Several hormones are necessary for controlling bone growth and maintaining the bone matrix. The pituitary gland secretes growth hormone (GH), which, as its name implies, controls bone growth. This happens in several ways: first, it triggers chondrocyte...
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Updated: Sep 10, 2025

Protocol for Developing a Femur Osteotomy Model in Wistar Albino Rats
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The Cannabinoid Pharmacology of Bone Healing: Developments in Fusion Medicine.

Gabriel Urreola1, Michael Le1, Alan Harris1,2

  • 1Department of Neurological Surgery, School of Medicine, University of California Davis, 4610 X Street, Sacramento, CA 95817, USA.

Biomedicines
|August 28, 2025
PubMed
Summary

Cannabinoid receptor 2 (CB2) activation and cannabidiol (CBD) promote bone healing in spinal fusion. Chronic high-Δ9-tetrahydrocannabinol (THC) use increases nonunion risk, necessitating further research.

Keywords:
CB2 agonistbone-mineral densitycannabidiolendocannabinoid systempseudarthrosisspinal fusiontetrahydrocannabinol

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Area of Science:

  • Orthopedics and Regenerative Medicine
  • Pharmacology and Toxicology
  • Skeletal Biology

Background:

  • Cannabinoid use is increasing in patients undergoing spinal fusion.
  • The endocannabinoid system (ECS), involving cannabinoid receptors 1 (CB1) and 2 (CB2), influences skeletal metabolism.
  • The precise impact of cannabinoids on bone healing, particularly spinal arthrodesis, remains unclear.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review preclinical, mechanistic, and clinical evidence on how individual cannabinoids affect fracture repair and spinal fusion.
  • To clarify the role of CB1 and CB2 receptors in skeletal outcomes related to cannabinoid use.

Main Methods:

  • Comprehensive literature search of PubMed, Web of Science, and Scopus.
  • Inclusion of animal studies, in vitro experiments, and clinical reports assessing bone outcomes.
  • Keywords included "cannabinoid", "CB1", "CB2", "spinal fusion", "fracture", "osteoblast", and "osteoclast".

Main Results:

  • CB2 signaling demonstrated consistent osteogenic effects, with agonists improving bone structure and osteoblast activity.
  • Cannabidiol (CBD) accelerated early spinal fusion in rats and modulated bone remodeling markers.
  • High-dose or chronic Δ9-tetrahydrocannabinol (THC) exposure via CB1 activation impaired chondrocyte function, reduced mineralization, and correlated with lower bone density and increased nonunion risk.

Conclusions:

  • CB2 activation and CBD show promise for enhancing bone repair in spinal fusion settings.
  • Chronic high-THC exposure represents a significant, potentially modifiable risk factor for spinal fusion nonunion.
  • Further prospective, receptor-specific clinical trials are essential to define safe cannabinoid use, considering THC/CBD ratios, patient sex, and ECS genotype.