Functional Carbon-Based Materials for Blood Purification: Recent Advances Toward Improved Treatment of Renal Failure...

The accumulation of blood toxins, including urea, uric acid, creatinine, bilirubin, p-cresyl sulfate, and indoxyl sulfate, poses severe health risks for patients with renal failure. Effective removal strategies are essential to mitigate complications associated with chronic kidney disease (CKD) and improve patient outcomes. Functional carbon-based materials, such as activated carbon (activated charcoal) and graphene oxide, have emerged as promising adsorbents due to their large surface area, adjustable porosity, and biocompatibility. This review comprehensively explores the latest advancements in carbon-based materials for blood purification across three key therapeutic modalities: (1) Hemoperfusion, where activated and modified carbonaceous materials enhance the adsorption of small-molecule and protein-bound toxins; (2) Hemodialysis, where functionalized carbon materials improve clearance rates and reduce treatment duration; and (3) Oral Therapeutics, where orally administered carbon adsorbents show potential in lowering systemic toxin levels in CKD patients. Furthermore, we present a comparative analysis of these approaches, highlighting their advantages, limitations, and future research directions for optimizing carbon-based detoxification strategies. The findings discussed in this review emphasize the significance of material engineering in advancing blood purification technologies. By enhancing the efficiency of toxin removal, carbon-based materials have the potential to revolutionize renal failure treatment, offering improved clinical outcomes and enhanced patient quality of life.