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Tooth Anatomy

Tooth Anatomy

The human tooth enables us to eat a variety of foods, speak clearly, and even aid in shaping our faces. Teeth are composed of various elements that work together. Here's a detailed look at the anatomy of a human tooth.
The Crown, Neck, and Root
The visible part of the tooth is referred to as the crown. It's covered by enamel, the hardest substance in the human body. The crown is uniquely shaped for each type of tooth, allowing for different functions such as cutting, tearing, or grinding food.

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jun 19, 2026

Graphene Coatings for Biomedical Implants

Graphene Coatings for Biomedical Implants

Published on: March 1, 2013

Biocompatibility Evaluation of Surface-Modified Orthodontic Wires Using Graphene Layer.

Joanna Rygas¹, Maria Szymonowicz², Agnieszka Rusak³

¹Dental Practice, Staszica Str. 46A, 98-300 Wielun, Poland.

International Journal of Molecular Sciences

|August 28, 2025

Summary

Graphene coatings on orthodontic archwires and brackets may improve biocompatibility. This study found graphene enhanced cell adhesion and reduced cytotoxicity in fibroblast and embryo models.

Keywords:

CW-CVD NiTi archwires stainless steel archwires biocompatibility cytotoxicity graphene

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Area of Science:

Biomaterials Science
Orthodontics
Nanotechnology

Background:

Biocompatibility of orthodontic materials is vital for patient safety and treatment efficacy.
Stainless steel (SS) and nickel-titanium (Ni-Ti) archwires are common in orthodontics.
Assessing material cytotoxicity and cellular interaction is crucial for developing safer dental implants.

Purpose of the Study:

To evaluate the biocompatibility of SS and Ni-Ti orthodontic archwires and SS brackets.
To investigate the effects of graphene coating on these orthodontic materials.
To determine the impact of coated and uncoated materials on fibroblast cell lines and chicken embryo development.

Main Methods:

Fibroblast cell culture and exposure to coated/uncoated orthodontic materials.
Chicken egg embryo model to assess material interaction and developmental effects.
Cold wall chemical vapor deposition (CW-CVD) for graphene coating application.

Main Results:

Both SS and Ni-Ti archwires showed moderate cytotoxicity, with Ni-Ti exhibiting more significant effects.
Graphene-coated materials demonstrated enhanced cell adhesion compared to uncoated materials.
Embryonic tissues adhered better to graphene-coated surfaces, and no adverse effects on embryo development were observed.

Conclusions:

Graphene coating can reduce the cytotoxicity of orthodontic archwires and brackets.
Carbon-based coatings, like graphene, improve the bioadhesion of orthodontic implants.
Graphene-coated orthodontic components show promise for enhanced biocompatibility and patient safety.