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Cluster Analysis as a Statistical Method for Planning the Optimal Placement of Automated External Defibrillators
Rafał Milewski1, Jolanta Lewko2, Magda Orzechowska1
1Department of Integrated Medical Care, Medical University of Bialystok, 15-096 Bialystok, Poland.
Journal of Clinical Medicine
|August 28, 2025
Summary
Automated external defibrillator (AED) placement in Bialystok is inadequate for out-of-hospital cardiac arrest (OHCA) response. Spatial analysis reveals optimal locations, prioritizing residential areas to improve survival rates.
Area of Science:
- Public Health
- Emergency Medicine
- Spatial Analysis
Background:
- Out-of-hospital cardiac arrest (OHCA) survival depends on early defibrillation.
- Bystander automated external defibrillator (AED) use is critically low in Bialystok, Poland.
- Current public-access AED distribution may hinder optimal emergency response times.
Purpose of the Study:
- To identify an effective AED placement strategy using spatial analysis.
- To optimize AED distribution based on geographic OHCA case distribution.
- To improve response times and survival rates for OHCA events.
Main Methods:
- Retrospective analysis of 49,649 emergency dispatch records (2018-2019).
- Geolocation and K-means cluster analysis of 766 OHCA cases.
- Identification of optimal AED locations based on OHCA incidence in public and residential areas.
Main Results:
- AEDs were utilized in only 0.51% of OHCA cases.
- 80.05% of OHCA events occurred within private residences.
- Cluster analysis identified 18-36 optimal AED locations, highlighting mismatches with the existing network.
- "PSS Spolem" grocery stores identified as ideal deployment partners.
Conclusions:
- Bialystok's current AED network is insufficient for effective OHCA response.
- Geographic cluster analysis significantly enhances AED placement strategies.
- Prioritizing residential areas and accessible public sites is crucial for increasing AED accessibility and use.
- Public education, a national AED registry, and improved accessibility are vital for boosting OHCA survival.
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