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Updated: Sep 9, 2025

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Investigating the Spatial Biases and Temporal Trends in Insect Pollinator Occurrence Data on GBIF.

Ehsan Rahimi1, Chuleui Jung1,2

  • 1Agricultural Research Institute, GyeongKuk National University, Andong 36729, Republic of Korea.

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|August 28, 2025
PubMed
Summary

This study reveals significant spatial and temporal biases in Global Biodiversity Information Facility (GBIF) pollinator data. Addressing these data gaps is crucial for accurate ecological research and effective pollinator conservation strategies.

Keywords:
GBIFbeesbutterflieshoverfliespollinatorsspecies distribution models

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Area of Science:

  • Ecology and Biodiversity Science
  • Biogeography and Species Distribution Modeling
  • Conservation Biology and Entomology

Background:

  • Comprehensive species occurrence data is vital for ecological and biodiversity research.
  • The Global Biodiversity Information Facility (GBIF) is a key resource for such data.
  • Investigating data quality, including spatial and temporal biases, is essential for reliable scientific conclusions.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate spatial biases and temporal trends in insect pollinator occurrence data from GBIF.
  • To assess data quality for bees, hoverflies, and butterflies within the GBIF dataset.
  • To highlight data gaps and biases impacting pollinator research and conservation.

Main Methods:

  • Acquired GBIF occurrence data for bees, hoverflies, and butterflies.
  • Removed duplicate records based on identical geographic coordinates to address spatial bias.
  • Analyzed species richness, temporal trends in data collection, and diversity of data publishers.

Main Results:

  • A substantial proportion of raw data (up to 81.4%) was removed due to duplicate records.
  • The dataset included 9,286 bee, 2,574 hoverfly, and 17,895 butterfly species.
  • Most data (80%) for bees and butterflies were recorded after 2022, with similar recency for hoverflies.
  • The United States, Germany, the UK, and Sweden were primary data sources, with iNaturalist.org a major contributor for bee data.

Conclusions:

  • Significant spatial and temporal biases exist within GBIF pollinator occurrence data.
  • These biases present considerable challenges for ecological studies and biodiversity conservation efforts.
  • Refinement of data collection and curation practices is needed to improve GBIF data utility.