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Energy-requiring Steps of Glycolysis01:20

Energy-requiring Steps of Glycolysis

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Glucose is the source of nearly all energy used by organisms. The first step of converting glucose into usable energy is called glycolysis. Glycolysis occurs in the cytosol of the cell over two phases: an energy-requiring phase and an energy-releasing phase. Over the first three steps, glucose is converted into different forms and attached to two phosphate groups donated by two ATP molecules, resulting in an unstable sugar. In the next two stages, the unstable sugar splits into two sugar...
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Outcomes of Glycolysis01:13

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Nearly all the energy used by cells comes from the bonds that make up complex organic compounds. These organic compounds are broken down into simpler molecules, such as glucose. As a result, cells extract energy from glucose over many chemical reactions—a process called cellular respiration.
Cellular respiration can occur aerobically (with oxygen) or anaerobically (without oxygen). In the presence of oxygen, cellular respiration starts with glycolysis and continues with pyruvate...
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Energy-releasing Steps of Glycolysis01:28

Energy-releasing Steps of Glycolysis

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Glycolysis is divided into two phases based on whether energy is utilized or released. While the first phase consumes ATP, the second phase produces energy in the form of ATP and NADH. The energy is released over a sequence of reactions that turns G3P into pyruvate. The energy-releasing phase—steps 6-10 of glycolysis—occurs twice, once for each of the two 3-carbon sugars produced during steps 1-5 of the first phase.
The first energy-releasing step—the 6th step of glycolysis...
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What is Glycolysis?00:56

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Overview
Cells make energy by breaking down macromolecules. Cellular respiration is the biochemical process that converts "food energy" (from the chemical bonds of macromolecules) into chemical energy in the form of adenosine triphosphate (ATP). The first step of this tightly regulated and intricate process is glycolysis. The word glycolysis originates from the Latin glyco (sugar) and lysis (breakdown). Glycolysis serves two main intracellular functions: generating ATP and generating...
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Other Glycolytic Pathways01:24

Other Glycolytic Pathways

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The pentose phosphate pathway (PPP) operates in parallel with glycolysis, facilitating the metabolism of both pentoses and glucose. This pathway consists of two distinct phases: the oxidative and non-oxidative phases. While it does not directly generate ATP, the intermediates formed during the process can integrate into glycolysis, contributing to cellular energy metabolism when required.Oxidative Phase: NADPH ProductionThe oxidative phase of the pentose phosphate pathway is primarily...
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Types of Step-Growth Polymers: Polyesters01:20

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The introduction of polyesters has brought major development to the textile industry. The wrinkle-free behavior of polyester blends has eliminated the need for starching and ironing clothes.
Polyesters are commonly prepared from terephthalic acid and ethylene glycol; the crude product is known as poly(ethylene terephthalate) or PET. However, polyesters are synthesized industrially by transesterification of dimethyl terephthalate with ethylene glycol at 150 °C. The two reactants and the...
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Polyethylene Terephthalate Glycolysis: Kinetic Modeling and Validation.

Maja Gabrič1,2, Žan Lavrič1,2, Martin Schwiderski3

  • 1Department for Catalysis and Chemical Reaction Engineering, National Institute of Chemistry, Hajdrihova 19, SI-1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia.

Polymers
|August 28, 2025
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Summary

This study details PET glycolysis, optimizing analytical methods like HPLC for BHET detection and SEC for molecular weight. A validated kinetic model was developed to understand PET depolymerization kinetics.

Keywords:
PET depolymerizationglycolysishomogeneous catalysiskinetic modeling

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Characteristics of Precipitation-formed Polyethylene Glycol Microgels Are Controlled by Molecular Weight of Reactants
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Area of Science:

  • Chemical Engineering
  • Polymer Chemistry
  • Reaction Kinetics

Background:

  • Polyethylene terephthalate (PET) recycling is crucial for sustainability.
  • Glycolysis is a promising chemical recycling method for PET.
  • Understanding the kinetics of PET glycolysis is essential for process optimization.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To comprehensively investigate PET glycolysis.
  • To develop and optimize analytical techniques for monitoring the process.
  • To establish a kinetic model for PET glycolysis.

Main Methods:

  • Quantitative High-Performance Liquid Chromatography (HPLC) was optimized for bis(2-hydroxyethyl) terephthalate (BHET) detection.
  • Size-Exclusion Chromatography (SEC) was developed to determine the molecular weight distribution of solid PET residues.
  • Over 33 experiments were conducted in magnetically coupled shaft-stirred reactors, generating over 300 data points for BHET concentration under varied conditions.

Main Results:

  • Optimized analytical methods provide accurate quantification of BHET and molecular weight distribution.
  • Experimental data captured BHET concentration changes over time across various reaction parameters.
  • A validated kinetic model was successfully developed to describe PET glycolysis.

Conclusions:

  • The study provides a robust framework for understanding and optimizing PET glycolysis.
  • Accurate analytical techniques are vital for kinetic studies in PET chemical recycling.
  • The developed kinetic model aids in predicting and controlling the glycolysis process for efficient PET recycling.