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The Global Positioning System (GPS) has become an indispensable tool in fieldwork, offering unparalleled precision and efficiency for surveying, navigation, and infrastructure development. By harnessing signals from a constellation of satellites, GPS receivers determine the location of objects with remarkable speed and accuracy, often completing calculations within a second.Advantages of Modern GPS TechnologyContemporary GPS receivers are designed to meet the practical demands of field...
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The Global Positioning System (GPS) revolutionized positioning on Earth, providing precise location data through satellite ranging. The GPS system was developed in 1978 by the U.S. Department of Defense  for military use, and it became available for civilian applications in 1983, transforming fields including navigation, fleet management, and time synchronization for telecommunications systems.GPS consists of satellites in medium Earth orbit, about 20,200 kilometers above the surface,...
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Global Positioning System (GPS) technology has revolutionized navigation and positioning, but its accuracy is often compromised by various errors. These errors, stemming from environmental, satellite, and receiver-related factors, require careful mitigation to ensure reliable performance across applications.Atmospheric ErrorsGPS signals travel through the Earth’s ionosphere and troposphere, introducing delays which affect accuracy. The ionosphere is strongly influenced by charged particles,...
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Surveyors use Global Positioning System (GPS) technology to measure the precise location and elevation of points on Earth. In a recent survey, GPS receivers were used to determine the coordinates and elevations of two park monuments. The process involved careful mission planning, data collection, and correction to ensure accuracy. The survey began with mission planning to identify optimal satellite visibility and minimize Position Dilution of Precision (PDOP). A geodetic control point...
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GPS surveying methods vary in application, accuracy, and data collection techniques, catering to diverse surveying and mapping needs. Static GPS, kinematic GPS, and real-time kinematic (RTK) surveying are widely used. Each technique offers distinct advantages.Static GPS involves placing one receiver at a known reference point and another at the target point. It collects exact positional data by observing multiple satellite ranges over an extended period, achieving centimeter-level accuracy for...
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Geographic Information Systems (GIS) are tools for storing, analyzing, and displaying spatial data alongside related attributes. Unlike traditional information systems that address general queries, GIS incorporates spatial components, enabling users to answer "where" and "how far." For example, GIS can process housing data linked to geographic locations like zip codes, allowing insights into population density or housing distribution through thematic maps.GIS integrates technologies such as...
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Indoor Positioning Systems as Critical Infrastructure: An Assessment for Enhanced Location-Based Services.

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  • 1Department of Information and Communication Engineering, Addis Ababa Science and Technology University, Addis Ababa 16417, Ethiopia.

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Summary

Indoor Positioning Systems (IPSs) are critical infrastructure, but no single technology meets all needs. This study evaluates IPSs, proposing an adaptive algorithm that improves accuracy and resilience for smart environments.

Keywords:
critical infrastructuredynamic environmentsevaluation metricsfingerprint-based positioningindoor localizationmultidimensional metrics framework

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Area of Science:

  • Computer Science
  • Electrical Engineering
  • Ubiquitous Computing

Background:

  • Indoor Positioning Systems (IPSs) are increasingly vital for smart environments.
  • Existing IPS technologies face limitations in accuracy, energy efficiency, and scalability.
  • There is a growing need for robust and adaptable indoor localization solutions.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To conduct a comprehensive, multidimensional evaluation of IPSs as critical infrastructure.
  • To develop a novel evaluation framework integrating technical and operational aspects.
  • To propose an adaptive algorithm for enhanced localization accuracy and resilience.

Main Methods:

  • Developed a structured taxonomy of IPS technologies based on sensing, processing, and architecture.
  • Performed a trade-off analysis of key performance criteria (accuracy, energy, cost, scalability).
  • Introduced a novel evaluation framework incorporating resilience, interoperability, and ethics.
  • Conducted long-term Wi-Fi fingerprinting experiments and implemented an adaptive algorithm.

Main Results:

  • No single IPS technology universally meets all performance criteria.
  • Temporal fluctuations and environmental dynamics significantly impact localization accuracy.
  • The proposed adaptive algorithm demonstrated superior performance (MAE, RMSE) over baseline models.
  • Collaborative and infrastructure-free systems show promise for scalability and resilience.

Conclusions:

  • IPSs should be viewed as foundational critical infrastructure.
  • Next-generation IPS architectures require technical robustness, operational viability, and ethical grounding.
  • Future research should focus on privacy, standardization, and real-world adaptability for context-aware systems.