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Taking Advantage of Reduced Droplet-surface Interaction to Optimize Transport of Bioanalytes in Digital Microfluidics

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Advances in Wettability-Engineered Open Planar-Surface Droplet Manipulation.

Ge Chen^1,2, Jin Yan^2,3, Junjie Liang¹

¹College of Mechanical Engineering, Guangdong Ocean University, Zhanjiang 524088, China.

|August 28, 2025

Summary

This review explores droplet manipulation on engineered surfaces using bioinspired designs and external fields. It details methods for controlling droplet movement, offering insights into future research directions in wettability engineering.

Keywords:

bioinspired self-propulsion contact hysteresis droplet manipulation external field regulation wettability surfaces

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Area of Science:

Surface Science and Engineering
Microfluidics
Bioinspired Materials

Background:

Understanding solid surface wettability and contact angle hysteresis is crucial.
Engineered surfaces with low hysteresis, including superhydrophobic and super-slippery types, enable advanced applications.

Purpose of the Study:

To review fundamental theories of surface wettability and contact angle hysteresis.
To introduce engineered surfaces for low-hysteresis applications.
To summarize research on droplet manipulation on open planar surfaces with engineered wettability.

Main Methods:

Review of fundamental theories of wettability and contact angle hysteresis.
Introduction of four typical wettability-engineered surfaces.
Analysis of bioinspired gradient surfaces and external fields (electric, thermal, optical, acoustic, magnetic) for droplet manipulation.

Main Results:

Bioinspired gradient surfaces utilize natural forces for self-propelled droplet movement.
External fields offer diverse mechanisms for droplet control, including electrostatic, electrocapillary, thermocapillary, and acoustic radiation pressure.
Comparative analysis of droplet manipulation characteristics under different external fields is presented.

Conclusions:

Droplet manipulation on open planar surfaces relies on bioinspired designs or external stimuli.
Significant progress has been made in understanding and applying engineered wettability for droplet control.
Future research should address current challenges and explore new development directions.