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Nuclear Transmutation03:20

Nuclear Transmutation

Nuclear transmutation is the conversion of one nuclide into another. It can occur by the radioactive decay of a nucleus, or the reaction of a nucleus with another particle. The first manmade nucleus was produced in Ernest Rutherford’s laboratory in 1919 by a transmutation reaction, the bombardment of one type of nuclei with other nuclei or with neutrons. Rutherford bombarded nitrogen-14 atoms with high-speed α particles from a natural radioactive isotope of radium and observed protons being...
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Mechanisms of Heat Transfer I01:14

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Just as interesting as the effects of heat transfer on a system are the methods by which the heat transfer occur. Whenever there is a temperature difference, heat transfer occurs. It may occur rapidly, such as through a cooking pan, or slowly, such as through the walls of a picnic ice box. So many processes involve heat transfer that it is hard to imagine a situation where no heat transfer occurs. Yet, every heat transfer takes place by only three methods: conduction, convection, and radiation.
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Hexagonal Bismuthene and Bismuth Nanoparticles for Light-To-Heat Conversion.

Marta Alcaraz1, Pau Congost-Escoin1, Christian Dolle1

  • 1Instituto de Ciencia Molecular (ICMol), Universidad de Valencia, 46980 Paterna, Spain.

ACS Applied Materials & Interfaces
|August 28, 2025
PubMed
Summary

Bismuth nanomaterials, including hexagonal bismuthene and spherical bismuth nanoparticles, show promising light-to-heat conversion (LHC) efficiency. Spherical bismuth nanoparticles (sBiNPs) are particularly effective, offering a viable alternative to gold nanoparticles for thermo-optical applications.

Keywords:
Raman thermometrybismuth nanoparticlesbismuthenegold nanoparticleslight-to-heat conversionsurface plasmon resonance calculations

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Area of Science:

  • Materials Science
  • Nanotechnology
  • Optics

Background:

  • Bismuth is an inexpensive, biocompatible semimetal with unique electronic properties enabling light absorption across a wide spectrum.
  • Its optical absorption characteristics make it suitable for applications like computed tomography, photocatalysis, and photothermal therapy.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate the unexplored thermo-optical response of hexagonal bismuthene (hBi) and spherical bismuth nanoparticles (sBiNPs).
  • To evaluate the light-to-heat conversion (LHC) performance of bismuth nanomaterials as potential alternatives to plasmonic nanoparticles.

Main Methods:

  • Synthesis and characterization of hexagonal bismuthene (hBi) and spherical bismuth nanoparticles (sBiNPs).
  • Measurement of light-to-heat conversion (LHC) efficiency using Raman thermometry under laser excitation (633 nm, 2.1 mW).
  • Comparative analysis of LHC performance against functionalized gold nanoparticles (AuNPs).

Main Results:

  • Bismuth nanomaterials demonstrate significant light-to-heat conversion capabilities.
  • Spherical bismuth nanoparticles (sBiNPs) reached a maximum temperature of 400 K, showing competitive LHC efficiency.
  • Hexagonal bismuthene (hBi) reached 325 K, with its performance influenced by thermal diffusion in the 2D system.

Conclusions:

  • Bismuth nanoparticles and bismuthene show potential for thermo-optical applications.
  • Spherical bismuth nanoparticles (sBiNPs) exhibit particularly strong LHC performance, rivaling gold nanoparticles.
  • The study highlights the influence of material structure and thermal properties on LHC efficiency in bismuth nanostructures.