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The Thyroid Gland

The Thyroid Gland

The thyroid gland is a small, butterfly-shaped gland located in the neck and covers the anterior surface of the trachea. The gland has two lateral lobes connected by a thin tissue mass called the isthmus. Internally, each lobe comprises many small spherical structures known as thyroid follicles, surrounded by a network of blood vessels.
The follicles have a central cavity lined by simple cuboidal to squamous epithelial cells called follicular cells. These cells produce the glycoprotein...

Synthesis and Regulation of Thyroid Hormones

Synthesis and Regulation of Thyroid Hormones

Low blood levels of the thyroid hormones — triiodothyronine (T3) and thyroxine (T4) — signal the hypothalamus to release the thyrotropin-releasing hormone (TRH). TRH then reaches the pituitary gland and stimulates the release of thyroid-stimulating hormone(TSH) into the bloodstream.
Upon reaching the thyroid gland, TSH stimulates the follicular cells' active uptake of iodide ions from the blood. The ions diffuse to the apical surface of the cells and are oxidized to iodine. The...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Sep 9, 2025

A Swin Transformer-Based Model for Thyroid Nodule Detection in Ultrasound Images

A Swin Transformer-Based Model for Thyroid Nodule Detection in Ultrasound Images

Published on: April 21, 2023

[Molecular diagnostics of thyroid nodule].

Domenico Rocco¹, Anna Tortora², Vincenzo Marotta¹

¹Dipartimento di Medicina, chirurgia e odontoiatria, Università di Salerno, Baronissi (Salerno).

Recenti Progressi in Medicina

|August 28, 2025

Summary

Nodular goiter often requires precise diagnosis. Molecular tests aid indeterminate thyroid nodule cytology, but specificity and cost remain challenges for ruling out cancer.

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Computer-Aided Three-Dimensional Visualization in the Treatment of Locally Advanced Thyroid Cancer

Computer-Aided Three-Dimensional Visualization in the Treatment of Locally Advanced Thyroid Cancer

Published on: June 9, 2023

Area of Science:

Endocrinology
Oncology
Molecular Biology

Context:

Nodular goiter is common, but malignant nodules requiring surgery are rare.
Fine-needle aspiration biopsy cytology is the primary diagnostic tool for thyroid nodules.
Approximately 15% of thyroid nodule cytologies are indeterminate, necessitating further diagnostic approaches.

Purpose:

To explore the utility of molecular biology in refining the diagnosis of indeterminate thyroid nodules.
To evaluate the effectiveness of new molecular tests in differentiating benign from malignant thyroid nodules.

Summary:

Molecular markers like BRAF, RAS, RET, TRK, and PAX8/PPARγ gene alterations are frequent in thyroid carcinomas.
New tests combining gene expression profiles and specific genetic alterations show high reliability in excluding malignancy in indeterminate cytology cases.
Despite good sensitivity, these molecular tests have limitations in specificity and cost, impacting their widespread clinical application.

Impact:

Improved diagnostic accuracy for indeterminate thyroid nodules, potentially reducing unnecessary surgeries.
Highlights the role of molecular diagnostics in thyroid cancer management.
Identifies areas for improvement in molecular testing for thyroid nodules, focusing on specificity and cost-effectiveness.